From barry Fri Apr 30 09:26 PDT 1999 Received: from castor.ipac.caltech.edu (castor [134.4.10.10]) by bigbang.ipac.caltech.edu (8.8.8/8.6.4) with ESMTP id JAA17474 for ; Fri, 30 Apr 1999 09:26:01 -0700 (PDT) From: Barry Madore Received: from wolf (wolf.ipac.caltech.edu [134.4.20.94]) by castor.ipac.caltech.edu (8.8.8/8.6.4) with ESMTP id JAA05294 for ; Fri, 30 Apr 1999 09:26:01 -0700 (PDT) Received: (barry@localhost) by wolf (8.6.8.1/8.6.4) id JAA04392 for cd; Fri, 30 Apr 1999 09:26:04 -0700 Message-Id: <199904301626.JAA04392@wolf> Subject: Arp Intro To: cd (Cren Diaconu) Date: Fri, 30 Apr 1999 09:26:03 -0700 (PDT) X-Mailer: ELM [version 2.4 PL25] MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Content-Type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII Content-Length: 72980 Status: RO PREFACE Forty years after the discovery that galaxies were independent stellar systems, we still have not penetrated very far into the mystery of how they maintain themselves or what physical forces are responsible for shaping their observed forms. The galaxies are the constituent units of mass and energy in the universe, and yet we are still challenged by such questions as: What causes the characteristic shape of spiral galaxies? How are elliptical galaxies related to spiral? How are galaxies formed, and how do they evolve? It is difficult to resist an oversimplified impression of what a galaxy is because the Hubble classification divides the galaxies into the well-known categories of smooth, amorphous ellipticals and flattened spirals with star-studded arms. But not all galaxies fit the schematic idealization of the Hubble sequence of nebular forms. In fact, when looked at closely enough, every galaxy is peculiar. Appreciation of these peculiarities is important in order to build a realistic picture of what galaxies are really like. But the peculiarities are also important for another reason. If we could analyze a galaxy in the laboratory, we would deform it, shock it, probe it in order to discover its properties. The peculiarities of the galaxies pictured in this Atlas represent perturbations, deformations, and interactions which should enable us to analyze the nature of the real galaxies which we observe and which are too remote to experiment on directly. In general, the more conspicuous the peculiarity, the more illustrative it is of special events and reactions that occur in galaxies. Therefore the greatest deviations from the normal are emphasized in this Atlas. In some cases small peculiarities are included to illustrate, in sequence, how a certain type of peculiarity develops in importance until it dominates the form of the object. But it is from this overall range of experiments that we must then select and study the ones which will give the most insight into the composition and structure of a galaxy and the forces that govern it. The present Atlas specilically started from an attempt to better understand spiral galaxies. Many analyses, often complex mathematical treatments have been made over the years, starting from the assumption that spiral arms were the result of tracks of stellar orbits moving under the gravitational influence of a central force field. I believe that the forms of spiral arms, their bifurcations and convolutions cannot be explained by such theories. In 1962 I undertook to assemble a series of photographs that would demonstrate this point. In the investigation of these spiral properties, galaxies which showed unusual or perturbed arms or filamentary extensions were sampled with high-resolution photographs with the Palomar 200-inch telescope. Subjects were first drawn from the pioneering work on peculiar galaxies by Zwicky and Vorontsov-Velyaminov. So many important objects emerged under high-resolution, limiting-magnitude study, however, that the investigation into the nature of spiral arms was postponed in order to systematically organize these new phenomena into groups and to publish a representative sample of the most significant objects. The Atlas as it has been realized in the following pages illustrates again that galaxies contain more than just stars, radiation, and gravitation. The pictures emphasize the importance of dust in some, they particularly imply a much more important role for the gas in general, and point to the existence of either new forces or forces which previously have been little considered. For example, if we consider galaxies to be merely an assemblage of mass particles, we should be able to treat them, in the limit, hydrodynamically as a frictionless fluid. But the twisted, distorted shapes and curious linkages pictured there suggest that viscosity-like forces are present. Dynamical friction does not seem sufficient because some of the filaments suggest a degree of viscosity approaching that of an elastic medium. Probably the only agency likely to account for this is that of magnetic fields that interconnect regions of wholly or partially ionized gas. Vorontsov-Velyaminov has stressed in the past the probable magnetic nature of some of the effects in peculiar galaxies. Magnetic forces are very difficult to study optically, but are undoubtedly of great importance in our universe. Recent radio astronomy discoveries of violent events in galaxies reveal sources of energetic charged particles. These charged particles interact with magnetic fields and offer the hope of mapping, measuring, and understanding cosmic magnetic fields. The connection between the plasmas observed with the radio telescopes and the optical evidences of plasma effects pictured in the present Atlas is now open to us. The overall aim of this Atlas is to present a number of examples of various kinds of peculiar galaxies. They are displayed in groupings that appear roughly similar, thereby furnishing also a rough, initial classification. Phenomena which each group represent may then be investigated by selecting the most favorable members in size or brightness, studying different members of the group in different orientations, and, finally, making some preliminary statistics of certain kinds of phenomena and their relationship to other observable parameters. It is hoped that this investigative procedure will not only clarify the workings of galaxies themselves, but reveal physical processes and how they operate in galaxies, and ultimately furnish a better understanding of the workings of the universe as a whole. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the help of William Miller who photographically copied the original glass negatives, Lowell Peterson of Graphic Arts at the California Institute of Technology who supervised the large-size photographic reproduction of the Atlas, Frank Brueckel who carried out many computational tasks connected with the Atlas, and, of course, all those astronomers who suggested candidates for the Atlas from their own personal store of knowledge and who gave advice and encouragement. INTRODUCTION The National Geographic Society-Palomar Sky Survey was completed in 1956. For seven years the 48-inch Schmidt telescope had surveyed the sky north of * = -27ø. The 1758 highest-quality plates that were finally accepted penetrated about three times deeper into space than any previous survey had ever reached. Astronomers are still studying and cataloguing the information contained in this survey, and will continue to do so for many years to come. One of the first astronomers to use the prints of the Sky Survey for a systematic study was Professor Vorontsov-Velyaminov of the Sternberg Astronomical Institute in Moscow (2). In 1959 he published positions, with copies of Sky Survey pictures, of 355 peculiar and interacting galaxies that he had discovered on those prints. The publication of this list enabled the undertaking of one kind of project for which the 48- and 200-inch telescopes on Palomar Mountain were originally designed. The fast-focal-ratio, wide-field Schmidt telescope was intended to survey objects of interest. The maximum light-gathering power and resolution of the 200-inch could then be turned individually on the most interesting objects. When selected members of Vorontsov-Velyaminov's catalogue were photographed with the 200-inch, some turned out to be much more interesting than on the smaller-scale plates, while others turned out to be less interesting or ordinary. After some preliminary experience with the 200-inch scale, it soon became possible to inspect the Vorontsov-Velyaminov objects first on the Survey prints to cull out the less interesting objects. In the process of inspecting these objects and checking their positions, other very unusual galaxies were noticed on the same Survey prints and included in the 200-inch program. This demonstrated that not all the important objects had been catalogued, and efforts were made to compile from other sources a more complete list of candidates for peculiar galaxies. One additional source of peculiar-galaxy candidates was the set of notes which A.G. Wilson had made upon inspecting the original Sky Survey plates as they were taken. These were kindly put at my disposal. Another list of peculiar objects was given me by E. Herzog, who has carefully searched the Survey plates for such objects. Thornton Page contributed peculiar objects he knew and a list of peculiar galaxies which C.A. Wirtanen had compiled from the Lick Position Survey. Holmberg's pairs of galaxies were inspected. Special objects were also contributed by W.W. Morgan, F. Zwicky, Charles Kowal, and Gibson Reaves. Finally, the plates of Minkowski and Baade, which are stored at the Mount Wilson Observatory, were searched for peculiar objects. None of these lists, including my own, had very much overlap with each other. The conclusion seems to be that, aside from the brighter and therefore well-known peculiar galaxies, the fainter peculiars have not been fully catalogued, and that the fainter peculiar galaxies pictured in this Atlas represent only a sample of that group. At first the photographs with the 200-inch were made with various plate and filter combinations to discover in which wavelengths the peculiar features would show best. Although red wavelengths sometimes showed features better, in general, the filaments, connections, and faint outer features were more conspicuous on blue-sensitive (Eastman Kodak 103a-O) plates. At that time, however, the sky was becoming so dark because of sunspot minimum, that it was possible to reach fainter limiting magnitudes by exposing blue plates for sixty to seventy minutes. To make the project possible in terms of available observing time, the band-pass was widened by using 103a-D plates and including the visual as well as blue wavelengths in a limiting exposure of the order of thirty minutes. Finally, it became clear that the night sky emission line at * 5577 was contributing appreciably to the brightness of the night sky background, and the emulsion was changed to 103a-J from there until the conclusion of the project. The 103a-J plates registered light roughly between the * 3600 half-transmission point of the f/3. 67 corrector lens of the 200- inch telescope and the * 5400 photographic emulsion cutoff. That, in general, is the region of maximum contrast for galaxies (10), and the very deep exposures made here (to densities of 0.7 to 1.2 for sky background), the very dark night skies, and the 20 percent increases in development time give, on the average, a set of photographs that show fainter stars-and particularly fainter surface brightness features-than previously detected in galaxy subjects. The reproduction of these prints in the Mount Wilson and Palomar photographic laboratory by William Miller was a difficult job which was carefully controlled so that almost all the original features on the plates, even the faintest, are reproduced in the Atlas. Whenever possible, poor-seeing plates were repeated under better seeing conditions, so that the final Atlas contains only plates taken with seeing 2 or better. The star images on the plates taken with the 200-inch presented in this Atlas are therefore generally between 1" and 2" diameter. Search of the Observatory plate records located some of the prospective Atlas galaxies which had been already photographed. I am grateful to Zwicky, Sandage, and Baum for allowing me to reproduce some of the photographs of these objects, and they are credited under the listed plate numbers in Table 1. Most of the 338 photographs shown in the Atlas are from plates taken with the 200-inch telescope. Occasionally a very large object is shown in a print from a 48-inch telescope plate (designated PS) in order to emphasize its correct sequence in the order of forms. Because so many of the physical processes pictured are not understood, no rigorous attempt at classification has been made. The galaxies have been grouped empirically, putting together all the objects that look alike. Special emphasis is on the form of the galaxies or the nature of the peculiarity and the gradual change of the peculiarity from object to object. Sometimes an object will belong in more than one category, and then it is cross-referenced in Table 1 or shown under different magnification in different sections of the Atlas. The schematic plan of arrangement of the different kinds of galaxies is shown in Diagram 1. The largest class involved peculiar spiral galaxies (Nos. 1 - 102). The largest subclass of peculiar spirals are spirals with companions attached to spiral arms (Nos. 102-145. Of course, there is overlap, and in the very interesting group ranging from Nos. 91-114 it is impossible to say whether the E is attached to the spiral galaxy or vice versa. The third major group (Nos. 146-268) involves galaxies or groups of objects that are not primarily classifiable as either E's or spirals, or whose most outstanding peculiarity does not fall in the first two major categories. In the fourth major category (Nos. 269-327), group character is the most important consideration. Six objects classifiable only as miscellaneous are shown at the end (Nos. 332-338). When possible, information has been referenced in the literature regarding magnitude, redshift velocities, and any known spectral peculiarities. Table 2 lists all the objects in this Atlas in order of right ascension and gives known redshift velocities. In Table 3 coincidences of Atlas objects with catalogued radio sources are noted and referenced. With the exception of bright radio sources such as Fornax A, Atlas objects were not selected because they were radio sources although Minkowski's plates were generally taken in search of radio source identifications. In many cases, however, nothing more is known about an object than what is shown in the Atlas. An important task in the future will be to undertake photometric and spectroscopic observations of these objects. Then, when distances, absolute magnitudes, and spectral characteristics are known, a more meaningful classification and interpretation of the objects in this Atlas can take place. THE ATLAS AND THE CATALOGUE The 338 photographs shown in the following fifty-seven pages of the Atlas all have a notch marking north. West is 90* clockwise. The prints represent magnifications from the original plates of 1x, 2x, 4x, 6x, and 10x. Since all the 200-inch plates in this program were taken with the Ross f/3. 67 corrector lens, the original plate scale is 11".1/mm. The scales on the Atlas prints therefore vary from 11"/mm to 1'.1/mm. The natural scale (1x) of the few prints from Schmidt plates is 67"/mm. In reproduction of the large-size photographic edition, all these scales have been reduced by a factor of 0.97. About one-third of the prints were made by an automatic (fluorescent screen) dodging process, i.e., by compressing the density range so that one can see very faint features and yet see into the brighter inner regions on the same print. In some cases the automatic dodging has introduced slightly lighter halos around the stars. THE CATALOGUE Col. 1: Identification number in this catalogue. See Diagram 1 for arrangement of types of objects. Cols. 2-3: Right ascension and declination of objects for 1970 epoch. Positions are from three sources: (1) NGC positions where available. If more than one NGC object is pictured, the position of the westernmost (smallest number) is given. (2) Positions from 200-inch dial readings calibrated by objects with known positions. (3) Measurements on 48-inch Sky Survey plates (whenever possible, differential measurements from nearby NGC objects). The final accuracy of these positions, from cross-checking the different methods, is on the average better than ***2 in R.A. and *** in Dec. A few positions are from Vorontsov-Velyaminov. Col. 4: Designation. NGC or IC numbers are given when object has one, otherwise designation is blank. Col. 5: Plate number. PH designates 200-inch Hale telescope; PS designates 48-inch Schmidt. Plates taken by Arp unless designated B = Baade, Bm = Baum, M = Minkowski, S = Sandage, Z = Zwicky. Col. 6: Exposure in minutes. Col. 7: Kind of emulsion used - `bk' designates baked and `lb' designates lightly baked; `exp' designates experimental. Col. 8: Identifies the filter used, if any. Col. 9: Seeing. Col. 10: Magnification (usually varies from 1x to 10x) in which 1x = 11"/mm. Asterisk denotes 48-inch Schmidt scale in which 1x = 67"/mm. Col. 11: Source. As far as can be determined, the person who first noticed the peculiar object is named. Vorontsov-Velyaminov (VV) numbers are given when they exist. DDO is David Dunlap Observatory. Col. 12: Remarks on objects shown in photographs. Major peculiarities are described in Diagram 1; additional peculiarities and remarks are noted here. REFERENCES A. General Catalogues and Compilations of Galaxy Observations Dreyer, J.L.E. 1888, Mem. Roy. Astron. Soc., 49 (New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters), Index Cat., Vols. 51 and 59. Shapley, H., and Ames, A. 1932, Harvard Ann., 88, No. 2. Holmberg, E. 1937, Lund Ann., 6 (Catalogue of Double and Multiple Galaxies). (1) Humason, M.L., Mayall, N.U., and Sandage, A.R. 1956, Astron. J., 61, 97. Van den Bergh, S. 1959, Publ. David Dunlap Obs., 2, 147. (2) Vorontsov-Velyaminov, B.A. 1959, Atlas and Catalogue of Interacting Galaxies (Sternberg Institute, Moscow State University, Moscow). (3) Sandage, A.R. 1961, Hubble Atlas of Galaxies (Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C.). Zwicky, F., Herzog, E., and Wild, P. 1961, Catalogue of Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies, Vol. I (California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California). Vorontsov-Velyaminov, B.A., and Krasnogorskaya, A.A. 1962, Morphological Catalogne of Galaxies, Part I (Moscow State University, Moscow). Zwicky, F., and Herzog, E. 1963, Catalogue of Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies, Vol. II (California Institute of Technology, Pasadena). (4) De Vaucouleurs, G., and de Vaucouleurs, A. 1964, Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies (University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas). Vorontsov-Velyaminov, B.A., and Arhipova, V.P. 1964, Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies, Part II (Moscow State University, Moscow). B. Conference Proceedings Proceedings of the Symposium on the Motion of Gaseous Masses of Cosmical Dimensions, "Problems of Cosmical Aerodynamics," Paris, August 1949 [Central Air Documents Office, Dayton, Ohio, 1951 (AF-WPAFB-O-25)]. Comparison of the Large-Scale Structure of the Galactic System with that of Other Stellar Systems, I.A.U. Symposium No. 5, ed. N.G. Roman, (Cambridge University Press, 1958). Les Recherches Galactiques et Extra Galactiques et la Photographic Electronique, Paris, June-July 1959, Ann. Astrophys., 23, 305-366, 1960. Conference on the Instability of Systems of Galaxies, at Santa Barbara, California, August 8-9, 1961, Astron. J., 66, 533-636, 1961. C. Observations of Specific Galaxies (5) Ambartsumian, V.A. 1961, Astron. J., 66, 537. (6) Arp, H.C. 1962, Astrophys. J., 136, 1148. (7) Arp, H.C..1964, ibid., 139, 1378. (8) Arp, H.C. 1965, Science, 148, 363. (9) Baade, W. 1956, Astrophys. J., 123, 550. (10) Babcock, H.W., and Johnson, J.J. 1941, Astrophys. J., 94, 271. (11) Burbidge, E.M., and Burbidge, G.R. 1959a, Astrophys. J., 129, 271. (12) Burbidge, E.M., and Burbidge, G.R. 1959b, ibid., 130, 12. (13) Burbidge, E.M., and Burbidge, G.R. 1959c, ibid., 15. (14) Burbidge, E.M., and Burbidge, G.R. 1959d, ibid., 20. (15) Burbidge, E.M., and Burbidge, G.R. 1959e, ibid., 23. (16) Burbidge, E.M., and Burbidge, G.R. 1959f, ibid., 26. (17) Burbidge, E.M., and Burbidge, G.R. 1961a, ibid., 133, 726. (18) Burbidge, E.M., and Burbidge, G.R. 1961b, Astron. J., 66, 541. (19) Burbidge, E.M., Burbidge, G.R., and Hoyle, F. 1963, Astrophys. J., 138, 873. (20) Burbidge, G.R., Burbidge, E.M., and Sandage, A.R. 1963, Rev. Mod. Phys., 35, 947. (21) Burbidge, E.M., Burbidge, G.R., and Rubin, V.C. 1964, Astrophys. J., 140, 942. (22) Burbidge, E.M., and Burbidge, G.R. 1964, Astrophys. J., 140, 1307. (23) Burbidge, E.M. 1964, Astrophys. J., 140, 1617. (24) Burbidge, E.M., Burbidge, G.R., and Prendergast, K.H., 1964, Astrophys. J., 140, 1620. (25) Burbidge, E.M., and Burbidge, G.R. 1965, Astrophys. J., 142, 634. [See also added reference (47).] (26) Demoulin, M. 1965, Compte rend., 260, 3287. (27) Haro, G. 1956, Bol. Obs. Tonantzintla Tacubaya, 2, No. 14, p. 8. (28) Haro, G., and Munch, G. 1958, Sky and Telescope, p. 231 (March). (29) Lynds, C.R., and Sandage, A.R. 1963, Astrophys. J., 137, 1005. (30) Markarian, B.E. 1961, Astron. J., 66, 555. (31) Mayall, N.U. 1948, Pub. A.S.P., 60, 266. (32) Mayall, N.U. 1958, Large-Scale Structure of the Galactic System, I.A.U. Symp. No. 5, ed. N.G. Roman, p. 3; Lick Obs. Sec. II, No. 81. (33) Morgan, W.W., and Mayall, N.U. 1957, Pub. A.S.P., 69, 291. (34) Osterbrock, D.E. 1960, Astrophys. J., 132, 325. (35) Page, T. 1952, Astrophys. J., 116, 63. (36) Sandage, A.R. 1963, Astrophys. J., 138, 863. (37) Sandage, A.R., and Miller, W.C. 1964 Science, 144, 405. (38) Searle, L. 1965, Nature, 207, 1282. (39) Seyfert, C.K. 1943, Astrophys. J., 97, 28. (40) Vaucouleurs, G. de, and Vaucouleurs, A. de. 1963, Astrophys. J., 137, 363. (41) Wade, C.M. 1961, Pub. Nat. Radio Astron. Obs. (Green Bank), 1, 99. (43) Zwicky, F. 1939, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 23, 251. (44) Zwicky, F. 1956, Ergebnisse der exakten Wissenschaften, 29, 344. (45) Zwicky, F., and Humason, M.L. 1961, Astrophys. J., 133, 794. (46) Zwicky, F. 1966, 1965 Palomar supernova search, Pub. A.S.P., to be published. (47) Burbidge, E.M., and Burbidge, G.R. 1964, Astrophys. J., 140, 1445. [There is no reference (42).] TABLE 1 DATA FOR ILLUSTRATIONS ******************************************************************************************************************** 1 9 22.9 +49 28 NGC 2857 PH-4448 30 103a-J - 2 4x High contrast print of low surface brightness spiral. 2 16 15.1 +47 7 3990 30 103a-Olb GG 13 3 6X DDO 204 Low surface brightness dwarf. Large bright knot in arm appears almost stellar. 3 22 34.8 - 3 6 3987 45 103a-Olb GG 13 3 4x DDO 214 Low surface brightness dwarf. 4 1 47.0 -12 31 4014 30 103a-Olb GG 13 4 6X DDO 14 Not known if both galaxies are at the same distance. 5 11 22.7 + 3 29 NGC 3664 4139 25 103a-D - 3 8x DDO 95, VV 251 Fainter dwarf 6'S. 6 8 11.1 +46 5 NGC 2537 4122 30 103a-D - 3 8x VV138 7 8 49.1 -16 30 4125 30 103a-D - 3 8x VV28 8 1 20.9 - 1 1 NGC 497 4387 25 103a-D - 2 6X 9 8 11.6 +73 42 NGC 2523 4689 25 103a-J - 2 6X Bifurcated arm does not start at end of bar. 10 2 16.6 + 5 30 4360 25 103a-D - 3 8X Wilson 13 Nucleus off center in ring. 11 1 7.9 +14 11 4278 30 103a-D - 3 4x VV348 Position of larger spiral. Outer arms do not start at termination of bar. 12 8 33.4 +28 41 NGC 2608 4348 40 103a-O - 1-2 6X Nucleus may be double or superposed star. 13 22 58.6 +15 49 NGC 7448 3999 30 103a-Olb GG 13 4 8x High surface brightness. 14 22 34.1 -26 12 NGC 7314 3994 30 103a-Olb GG 13 3 4x Almost no nucleus. (3) 15 22 50.0 - 5 43 NGC 7393 4011 30 103a-Dlb - 4 8x VV68 Feature appears to be a ruptured or obscured ring. Member of group.(18) 16 11 18.6 +13 11 NGC 3627 3540Z 30 103a-D GG 11 2-3 2x See also 317. Large concentration at end of S arm. (3) 17 7 41.3 +73 52 4378 25 103a-D - 3 10x VV349 18 12 4.0 +50 42 NGC 4088 4426 30 103a-J - 1-2 4x End of one spiral arm partially disconnected. (3) (33) 19 0 30.2 - 5 19 NGC 145 266M 20 103a-O - 1-2 8x 20 4 18.4 + 2 1 276M 20 103a-O - 1-210x 21 11 3.2 +30 15 4451 30 103a-J - 2 10x 22 11 58.0 -19 6 NGC 4027 4454 25 103a-J - 2 2x VV66 23 12 40.1 +41 19 NGC 4618 4456 30 103a-J - 3 1x VV73 24 10 52.8 +57 9 NGC 3445 4393 25 103a-D - 2 6x VV14 25 7 17.9 +85 50 NGC 2276 4418 30 103a-D GG 11 2 4x See also 114. Tubular arm, straight at first, then bent. Secondary arm from straight portion. 26 14 2.1 +54 29 NGC 5457 PS-8271 50 103a-J Wr.#4 4-3 4x* M101, VV344 Note straight arms, bright knot on East appears almost stellar. (3) 27 11 19.4 +53 21 NGC 3631 PH-4477 20 103a-J - 3 4x Note straight arms, absorption tube crossing from inside to outside of S arm. 28 23 27.1 +22 15 NGC 7678 4683 30 IIa-O baked - 3 8x Note straight heavy arm. 29 20 34.3 +60 2 NGC 6946 3973 25 103a-O - 3 1x Supernova once observed in tip of thick arm. (31)(46) 30 17 22.5 +62 11 4275 30 103a-D - 3 8x VV232 Comp. appears physically connected to flat-on spiral system. 31 1 49.4 +21 45 4315 30 103a-O - 2 6x High surface brightness irregularity is 5'N. 32 17 12.5 +59 22 4274 30 103a-D - 3 10x VV89 33 13 36.1 + 6 35 4537 25 103a-J - 3 6x VV6 Position of larger spiral. See 326 for smaller scale picture. Part of galaxy chain. 34 12 40.0 +26 14 4479 30 103a-J - 2-3 4x 35 0 20.7 - 1 34 4371 40 103a-O - 3 4x VV257 Radio source M00-01 is 5O*W. 36 13 32.9 +31 35 4458 30 103a-J - 3 8x VV4 Knots in arms approach appearance of small companions. 37 2 41.1 - 0 8 NGC 1068 4288 15 103a-O Polaroid 2 6x Seyfert galaxy. Small knot in arm. (3)(16)(39) 38 17 30.1 +75 45 NGC 6412 4691 30 103a-O - 3 6x Small ring in arm on N side, part of large ring on E side shows in H* only. 39 3 28.5 -22 22 NGC 1347 4110 30 103a-D - 1 6x VV23 40 13 28.1 +37 34 IC 4271 4185 30 103a-D - 3 10x VV355 Absorption off edge of small galaxy obscure part of large galaxy. Possible connection. 41 3 8.4 -20 41 NGC 1232 4308 30 103a-O - 3 2x Companion spiral wound in same sense as parent. Note split of companion's arm further into center. 42 15 1.4 +23 27 NGC 5829 PH-4255 30 103a-D - 2 6X VV7 Faint bifurcated arm to comp., one faint arm on comp. coiled same direction as parent.(3) 43 10 22.3 +16 53 4421 35 103a-O - 3 8x One side of ring obscured or disrupted; other side has low S.B. comp. 44 10 24.1 - 2 3 IC 609 4168 30 103a-D - 2-3 6X VV354 45 14 18.7 +52 0 4254 30 103a-D - 2 8x VV2 Directions inverted; N is opposite tab mark. One arm leads toward large comp., other toward small comp. 46 23 32.2 +29 52 4284 30 103a-D - 2 10X VV314 Companion connected to main spiral. 47 14 45.8 +18 59 4487 35 103a-J - 3 8x 48 1 18.5 +12 11 4374 25 103a-D - 3 10X 49 14 30.9 + 8 12 NGC 5665 4528 25 103a-J - 3 8x Appearance of wake from stellar object in E arm. 50 23 56.4 -14 12 IC 1520 4067 30 103a-D - 1 10x VV25 51 0 4.2 -13 36 4088 30 103a-D - 3 10x 52 5 18.0 + 3 42 3110M 25 103a-O - 2-310x 53 10 33.6 -17 00 NGC 3290 4452 25 103a-J - 2 8x Wirtanen 18 Radio source M10-17 is 1*6 W, 10'S. 54 2 23.0 - 4 47 4390 25 103a-D - 2 8x Wilson 14 Arm toward companion split. contains nodule. 55 9 13.9 +44 27 4163 30 103a-D - 2 8x VV155 Arm has four separate condensations in line. North at bottom. 56 1 55.6 +17 4 4117 30 103a-D - 2 10x VV12 57 13 15.2 +14 35 4482 25 103a-J - 2 8x VV298 Small companion connected to end of arm. 58 8 30.2 +19 19 4362 25 103a-D - 2-3 8x Wilson 18 Comp. on end of broken arm nearly star-like. 59 0 59.0 - 9 19 NGC 341 4343 30 103a-D - 1 8x Wilson 8 60 13 13.2 +26 16 4536 25 103a-J - 3 10x Third arm in direction of companion. 61 4 35.2 - 2 21 284M 20 103a-O - 1 10x One arm leads to companion. 62 11 52.1 +43 36 4495 25 103a-J - 1-210x VV286 High surface brightness companion. 63 9 37.4 +32 27 NGC 2944 4100 25 103a-D - 3 10x VV82 64 14 43.8 +19 36 4529 30 103a-J - 3 8x Herzog 1 Both arms lead toward companions. 65 0 20.3 +22 13 4358 30 103a-J - 3 4x Wilson 2 Position of open spiral. Comps. lie off projected ends of both spiral arms. 66 16 26.1 +51 36 4670 30 103a-O - 2 8x 67 1 19.8 - 0 42 4359 25 103a-D - 3 8x Comps. lie on inner and outer spiral arms. 68 23 47.0 + 3 57 NGC 7756 4678 30 103a-J - 2 6x Many star-like knots lined up along straight arm. 69 14 19.2 +35 19 NGC 5579+80 4246 30 103a-D - 3 8x VV142 Three-armed spiral. 70 1 21.8 +30 37 4303 30 103a-D - 3 8x VV341 71 16 3.8 +17 46 4273 30 103a-D - 2 10x Herc. cluster. (3) 72 15 45.7 +18 00 NGC 5996+94 4253 30 103a-D - 3 6x VV16 Faint material from arm to and around comp. Opposite arm faint, sweeps around East of galaxy. 73 16 34.2 +46 17 IC 1222 4541 25 103a-J - 3 8x Arm leads toward, but not up to companion. 74 2 6.4 +41 20 4361 25 103a-D - 2-3 8x Wilson 12 Broad, diffuse extension of arm leads to companion. 75 1 49.8 - 4 12 NGC 702 267M 20 103a-O - 1 6x 3C53 is 2*E; M01-013 is 1*E, 26'N. Very faint extension to companion. 76 12 35.3 +13 19 NGC 4569 4181 30 103a-D - 3 2x M 90 Apparent gap between arm and companion. (3) 77 2 45.2 -30 24 NGC 1097 4662 20 103a-J - 3 2x Material of arm seems to flow "around" comp. Similar to 26.(3)(29) 78 1 57.7 +18 52 NGC 772 4305 45 103a-O - 3 2x N at left of picture. Comp. is NGC 770. Faint material toward each of two dwarf comps. 79 14 08.5 +17 46 4428 25 103a-D - 1 10x Small separation between two knots in arm. 80 8 45.0 +74 14 NGC 2633 4690 20 103a-J - 2 6x End of one arm heavy; absorption break in same arm near nucleus. 81 18 13.4 +68 18 NGC 6621+22 3998 45 103a-D - 3 8x VV247 Companion resembles M 51 companion. (19) 82 8 9.4 +25 18 NGC 2535+36 4085 30 103a-D - 3 4x VV9 Arm opposite comp. extremely long. 83 11 38.6 +15 29 NGC 3799+3800 4422 25 103a-D - 2-3 6x VV350 Some hazy material at juncture of two arms; high surface brightness, S shape inside comp. (35) 84 13 57.4 +37 35 NGC 5394+95 4187 30 103a-D - 3 4x VV48 Arcs of high S.B. around nucleus of companion. 85 13 28.6 +47 21 NGC 5194+95 PS-8559 40 103a-D Wr.#23A3 6x* M 51, VV1 Faint plumes and extensions from companion. (3)(25)(33) 86 23 45.6 +29 19 NGC 7753+52 PH-3986 45 103a-D - 2-3 4x VV5 Double arm leading to companion. 87 11 39.4 +22 37 NGC 3808 PH-4368 25 103a-D - 2 6x VV30O Position of larger member. Arm appears wrapped around cylindrical comp. 88 1 17.5 +12 19 4374 25 103a-D - 3 10X Incipient spiral in arm. 89 8 41.0 +14 24 NGC 2648 4667 25 103a-J - 4 4x Wilson 20 Position of larger spiral. Absorption lanes in comp. Diffuse arm extends beyond comp. 90 15 25.4 +41 46 NGC 5930+29 4486 25 103a-J - 3 8x Holmberg 710 N opposite tab mark on picture. Absorption lanes around comp.(35) 91 15 33.2 +15 18 NGC 5953+54 4247 30 103a-D - 2-3 8x VV244 N at top of picture. Broad pec. arm to comp., then absorption: faint extension from comp. 92 23 17.3 + 0 5 NGC 7603 4681 40 103a-E GG 11 3 8x Very faint connection shows better in red. 93 22 27.0 -25 0 NGC 7285+84 3993 45 103a-D - 3 4x VV74 Long faint plume bifurcates from arm, E comp. in other arm. Suggested rotation of axis of spiral. 94 10 21.8 +20 3 NGC 3226+27 4126 30 103a-D - 3 2x VV209 Comp. on edge of large, very faint loop extending opposite galaxy. Light line E-W is plate defect. (25) 95 14 33.8 +26 39 IC 4461 4499 25 103a-J - 2 8x VV303 Star-like condensation in spiral. Connection to E galaxy inferred, not seen. 96 6 50.8 +86 36 4082 30 103a-D - 3 6X VV248 Faint diffuse counter arm, and arm leading to companion. 97 12 04.5 +31 14 3891 60 103a-E GG 11 2-3 8x VV13 98 1 30.5 +31 57 4091 30 103a-D - 3 8x VV301 High surface brightness S inside spiral, similar to 96. 99 23 13.8 +18 48 NGC 7550 4107 30 103a-D - 1 2x Connection not seen, but note difference in arms toward and away from E galaxy. Note also material between West spiral and E galaxy. 100 0 27.0 -11 45 IC 18 4068 30 103a-D - 2 2X VV234 Radio source M00-11 is 1*6 E. 101 16 3.1 +14 57 3989 45 103a-D - 3 4x VV318 102 17 18.7 +49 5 3971 50 103a-O - 3 2x Zwicky, VV10 VV position wrong. Note loop E side of spiral; diffuse, very faint connection to E galaxy. 103 16 48.8 +45 30 3978 75 103a-O - 2-3 6x Zwicky Incomplete connection, blue knots in southern member.(18)(43)(45) 104 13 31.1 +62 52 NGC 5216+18 81Z 30 103a-O - 1-2 2X Keenan, VV33 Known as Keenan's system. (32) (44) 105 11 9.6 +28 51 NGC 3561 3387 40 103a-D - 1-2 4x Zwicky, VV237 Supernova found in disk of spiral. (5)(44)(45)(46) 106 12 14.0 +28 21 3892 60 103a-E GG 11 3 8x VV199 107 10 50.6 +30 15 4176 30 103a-D - 1 6x VV233 Double arm leads to E gal., diffuse material out other side of E galaxy. 108 3 1.9 -22 19 4119 30 103a-D - 2 8x VV346 Third arm leads toward E companion. 109 15 48.1 +69 31 4256 30 103a-D - 2 6x VV291 110 22 52.5 -15 22 4692 24 103a-O - 4 10x Arm bent at root. 111 14 0.4 +33 58 NGC 5421 4459 35 103a-J - 3 8x VV120 E galaxy apparently bending arm at root. 112 23 59.9 +31 17 NGC 7806+05 4001 25 103a-D lb - 4 6X VV226 113 0 16.9 +29 55 NGC 70 4277 30 103a-D - 3 4x VV166 114 7 17.9 +85 50 NGC 2276+2300 4418 30 103a-D GG 11 2 2X Sprial somewhat pec., may be perturbed. See No. 25. 115 11 41.5 +26 26 4367 30 103a-J - 2 8x VV353 Object slightly S of northern gal. is just perceptibly non-stellar. 116 12 42.0 +11 45 NGC 4647+49 367B 30 103a-O GG 1 2-3 2X Absorption heavier on spiral side away from E galaxy. 117 14 8.6 +17 49 IC 982+983 4428 25 103a-D - 1 4x Flattening of spiral's nucleus appears to be in different plane than arms. 118 2 53.6 - 0 17 NGC 1143+44 269 20 103a-O - 2-<110x Wilson 16, Herzog, VV331 Arms and loops seem attracted to E galaxy. 119 1 17.9 +12 18 4374 25 103a-D - 3 8x VV347 Some material seems attracted, some repelled. 120 12 26.3 +13 10 NGC 4438 4425 30 103a-J - 2 2x VV188 E galaxy breaking up a spiral. (19)(25)(30) 121 0 57.9 - 4 57 4370 25 103a-D - 3 8x Wilson 7 E galaxy warping spiral. 122 16 03.1 +17 46 NGC 6039 4273 30 103a-D - 2 8x VV212 Herc. cluster. (3) 123 5 21.1 -11 31 NGC 1888+89 4447 30 103a-J - 2 6X Page Faint parallel feature on opposite side from SO galaxy. 124 17 18.5 +60 38 NGC 6361 4292 45 103a-O - 1 6x 125 16 37.2 +41 59 PH-45O3 30 103a-J - 2 10X Wilson 37 126 1 56.6 + 2 57 4298 30 103a-D - 2 8x VV122 (15) 127 0 37.4 - 9 10 NGC 191 4660 25 103a-J - 3 8x Sharp absorption lanes over N side of perturbing galaxy. 128 1 16.0 +14 33 4295 30 103a-D - 1-2 10X VV205 129 9 37.7 +32 29 4100 25 103a-D - 3 10X VV83 130 0 1.4 +16 29 4286 30 103a-D - 3 8x VV263 131 2 45.9 -14 54 4388 25 103a-D - 2 8x VV336 132 11 17.9 - 2 56 3225M 25 103a-O - 2 10X North inverted. Radio source M11-02 is 3'N. 133 1 24.2 - 1 32 NGC 541 4307 60 103a-O Polaroid 3 8x Central member of galaxy group associated with 3C40. 134 12 28.3 + 8 10 NGC 4472 35B 30 103a-O - 2 2x M 49 135 2 38.5 +38 57 NGC 1023 4345 30 103a-J - 2 2x Wilson 15 Similar nebulosity about one diameter further east. 136 14 57.8 +54 0 NGC 5820 4530 35 103a-J - 3 6x Morgan Faint streamers off one end of E galaxy. 137 9 32.5 +10 14 4363 25 103a-D - 2 10x Wilson 21 138 11 57.2 +25 13 NGC 4015 4396 45 103a-O - 2 10x VV216 Absorption leads directly into E galaxy. 139 13 6.0 +26 53 4498 25 103a-J - 2 10x Herzog 8 140 0 49.5 - 7 13 NGC 274+75 4090 30 103a-D - 3 8x VV81 141 7 10.8 +73 32 4083 30 103a-D - 3 8x VV123 (15)(36) 142 9 36.2 2 53 NGC 2936+37 4133 30 103a-D - 3 6X VV316 143 7 45.0 +39 11 NGC 2444+45 4084 30 103a-D - 3 6x VV117 Diffuse counter filament. (12)(19)(36) 144 0 4.4 -13 34 NGC 7828+29 4088 30 103a-D - 3 8x VV272 145 2 21.0 +41 4 163S 30 103a-O WG2 4 8x Minkowski, Gates,Reaves 146 0 5.0 - 6 54 3114M 20 103a-O - 3-4 10x Dewhirst 147 3 9.6 + 1 12 4664 25 103a-J - 4 10x Kowal 148 11 2.2 +41 0 4353 30 103a-D - 2 10x Mayall, VV32 Known as Mayall`s object. (23) 149 12 38.0 +16 46 4478 25 103a-J - 3 10x Hersog 42 150 23 18.0 + 9 20 NGC 7609 4023Z 25 103a-O - 2- 10X VV20 Radio source M23*9 is 2* east. 151 11 23.9 +54 33 4449 25 103a-J - 3 10x VV144 (22) 152 12 29.3 +12 34 NGC 4486 363B 10 103a-O GG 1 2-3 8x M 87 Short exposure to show jet. Virgo A radio source. (3)(9)(32)(33)(34) 153 13 23.6 -42 51 NGC 5128 PS-8272 103a-J Wr. #4 1-2 6X* Cen A radio source.(3)(7)(11)(38)(41) and refs. in Searle. 154 3 21.5 -37 20 NGC 1316 PH-4684 15 103a-O - 2 4x For A radio source. Short exposure to show absorption in center. (20)(25)(38)(41) 155 11 21.9 +54 1 NGC 3656 4159 30 103a-D - 2 8x VV22 156 10 40.3 +77 37 4380 35 103a-J - 3 8x Very faint oval loop in NE-SW direction. 157 1 23.0 + 3 38 NGC 520 1096B 30 103a-D GG 1 4 2X Baade,VV231 Note segment in NE direction. (3) 158 1 23.5 +33 52 NGC 523 4389 25 103a-D - 2 6x Reaves 159 12 50.3 +25 57 NGC 4747 4535 20 103a-J - 3 2x Very faint plume extending NE. 160 12 12.6 +54 42 NGC 4194 4455 25 103a-J - 3 6x *3727 em. (32) 161 11 40.6 + 0 31 4423 38 103a-J - 2 8x Wilson 27 Faint, diffuse material extends away from neck. 162 10 49.7 +28 9 NGC 3414 4532 15 103a-J - 3 6x 163 12 43.8 +27 17 NGC 4670 289M 20 103a-O - 1-2 10x 164 1 14.4 + 5 2 NGC 455 4296 30 103a-D - 2 6x 165 7 34.9 +17 57 4347 30 103a-J - 2 6x Wilson 17 Fainter ot two streamers curved in SE dir. May be faint knots on ends of streamers. 166 1 55.8 +33 4 NGC 750+51 4297 30 103a-D - 1-2 6x VV189 Small spiral at end of plume. (3)(44) 167 8 47.7 +19 12 NGC 2672 4419 15 103a-D - 3 8x Comp. galaxy very condensed, has curved plume. 168 0 41.1 +40 42 NGC 221 PS-8273 50 103a-J Wr.#4 4-3 8x* M32 Faint diffuse plume curved away from M 31 disk. 169 22 13.3 +13 42 NGC 7236+37 PH-4285 30 103a-D - 2 6x Faint diffuse plumes coming away from two galaxies. 3C442. 170 23 15.8 +18 32 NGC 7578 4000 25 103a-D lb - 4 6x VV181 171 14 38.5 + 3 36 4484 25 103a-J - 3 8x M14*010 is 2* west. 172 16 4.2 +17 43 3984 45 103a-D - 2 6x VV194 173 14 50.0 + 9 29 PH-4429 25 103a-D - 1 6x VV 296 174 9 56.7 +28 59 3886 60 103a-E - 2 4x Zwicky? Smaller galaxy very condensed. 175 12 31.4 +11 34 IC 3481+83 54Z 40 103a-O - 1 2x Zwicky,VV 43 Can see connection only 2/3 way to SE galaxy. (18)(44) 176 13 2.2 -11 20 NGC 4933 4497 25 103a-J - 2-3 6x Companion galaxy very condensed. 177 14 54.5 +24 43 4485 25 103a-J - 3 10x Very small plume comes off comp. galaxy opposite larger. 178 14 22.9 +34 59 4252 30 103a-D - 3 6x VV 77 Ring off center, broad ejected plume from condensation in ring. 179 3 0.3 - 4 49 259M 25 103a-O - 2 10x Condensed offset center. 180 4 51.9 - 4 50 279M 20 103a-O - 1-2 8x South arm kinks back, thin filament connects nuclei. 181 10 24.2 +80 00 NGC 3210+12 4379 25 103a-D - 3 6x VV 319 Long faint filament extends westward from south arm. 182 23 26.3 8 37 4675 120 IIa-O exp. - 1 6x VV 343 Long straight, very faint filament like bow wave from comp. 183 13 33.6 +31 33 4458 30 103a-J - 3 6x Three faint patches constitute third arm or filament. 184 5 39.0 +69 25 NGC 1961 4688 30 103a-O - 3 2x Two long straight arms or filaments tangent to NE side of galaxy. 185 16 33.8 +78 16 NGC 6217 4676 30 103a-O - 1-2 4x Condensed nucleus. Faint outer arms less curved than inner arms. 186 4 32.9 - 8 39 NGC 1614 261M 25 - <1-1 8x Radio source M04-012 is 44*W, 3*S; 3C121 is 38*W, 17'S. 187 5 3.5 -10 17 3145M 30 IIa-O - 1-2 10x Radio source M05-10 is 6'N. Faint filament points to dense nucleus. Possible fainter filament toward compact galaxy to NW. 188 16 5.0 +55 37 3977 50 103a-O - 1-2 4x Zwicky, VV 29 VV position. Disturbance inside W arm, filament may originate there. (44) 189 12 42.2 +16 33 NGC 4651 165Z 30 103a-O - 2 2X VV 56 Radio source near tail apparently not associated. (44) 190 2 48.6 -12 46 4375 35 103a-J - 3 4x VV 221 Filament seems to originate from stellar image; no spectra available. 191 11 5.7 +18 36 4436 30 103a-J - 2 8x VV 239 Acute bend in link between galaxies; plumes from stellar-like Images. 192 10 35.4 +18 17 NGC 3303 4433 40 103a-D GG 11 1-2 6X Wilson 25 Diffuse faint arms off both sides, spike comes from stellar companion. 193 13 19.2 -34 17 IC 883 4483 25 103a-J - 2-3 8x Herzog 24 Faint straight outer spikes, hard knots in main body. (23) 194 11 56.2 +36 36 4496 30 103a-O - 3 8x VV 126 Outer material connected by thin filament to very hard nucleus. 195 8 52.0 +35 15 4392 30 103a-J - 2 8x VV 243 Absorption edge on connection to nucleus. 196 13 13.0 +26 18 4536 25 103a-J - 3 10X Herzog 21 Nucleus out of plane of ring! Attachment to companion. 197 11 29.4 +20 38 IC 701 4183 30 103a-D - 3 8x VV 3 Straight filament off one end of bar, kink at end of filament. 198 10 58.2 +17 49 4394 30 103a-J - 2-3 8x VV 267 Spike points toward small nucleus; no spectra available. 199 14 15.8 +36 42 NGC 5544+45 384Z 30 103a-O - 2 10x VV 210 Spirals appear disturbed. 200 2 52.0 +12 53 NGC 1134 4665 20 103a-J - 4 6x splash appearance on W side of galaxy points to low S.B. comp. 7'S. 201 0 22.1 - 0 40 4073 30 103a-D - 3-4 10x VV 38 VV connection between galaxies not seen here or on Survey prints. 202 8 58.4 +35 51 NGC 2719 4461 30 103a-J - 2 6x Holmberg 105, Page Faint tail from smaller galaxy. 203 11 30.1 +28 40 NGC 3712 4493 25 103a-J - 3 6x Faint plumes coming off both ends of bar. 204 13 24.0 +84 39 4540 25 103a-J - 3 8x VV 39 205 10 52.9 +54 28 NGC 3448 4352 30 103a-D - 2 2x 206 10 50.8 +36 48 NGC 3432 4351 30 103a-D - 2 2x VV 11 207 9 27.6 +76 36 4124 30 103a-D - 2 10x VV 58 208 16 50.0 +47 17 4248 30 103a-D - 2-3 8x VV 271 209 16 4.0 +20 38 NGC 6052 4005 45 103a-D - 3 10x VV 86,Mayall? Chaotic with loops. 210 4 28.9 +64 48 NGC 1569 1793B 30 103a-O GG 1 3-4 6X Baade Much absorption, resolution into stars. 211 12 35.8 +38 55 4534 30 103a-J - 3 10X VV 42 Resolution into stars. Diameter about 0!3 X 0!5. 212 23 19.0 +17 4 NGC 7625 3992 45 103a-D - 3 8x VV 280 Narrow chaotic absorption tubes across one end. 213 4 4.6 +69 45 IC 356 1607B 30 103a-D GG11 3-4 4x Baade Faint straight absorption lanes lead toward nucleus, become triple. 214 11 31.0 +53 14 NGC 3718 1909B 20 103a-D GG13 3-4 2X Baade Barred spiral, sharp nucleus, narrow absorption lanes through center. (3)(25) 215 9 12.2 +40 14 NGC 2782 1608B 25 103a-D GG 1 3-4 4x Baade Diffuse outer arms. (25) 216 23 27.2 + 3 22 NGC 7679+82 4013 45 103a-D - 4 2x VV 329 Patches north of disturbed spiral, emission strong. (25) 217 10 36.9 +53 40 NGC 3310 PH-4364 40 103a-O - 1-2 2X Much H* emission incl. half arc outside galaxy. (1) 218 15 52.3 +18 42 4290 30 103a-D - 1 10X VV 311 219 3 38.4 - 2 13 3142M 25 103a-O - 1-210X Minkowski Faint arc and filament on N side. 220 15 33.6 +23 35 IC 4553 4502 35 103a-J - 2 8X Wilson 34 221 9 35.0 -11 11 4167 30 103a-D - 2-3 8X Faint diffuse material to south, bright filament to hard image on NW side of nucleus. 222 23 38.3 -12 27 NGC 7727 4002 25 103a-D lb - 3 2X VV67 Amorphous arms. (25) 223 23 16.4 - 4 49 NGC 7585 4673 30 103a-J - 2 6X Morgan 224 11 49.5 +55 15 NGC 3921 4424 25 103a-D - 2 4X VV 31 Straight filament leads to bright, offset nucleus. (19) 225 8 52.1 +78 21 NGC 2655 718B 20 103a-D CC 1 2 2X Baade Very faint diffuse outer arms, absorption one side of nucleus. (25) 226 22 19.1 -24 50 NGC 7252 4677 40 IIa-O baked - 2 2X Morgan Loops, filaments at various angles. 227 1 18.5 + 3 16 NGC 474 4386 35 103a-J - 3 2X Wilson 9 Pos. of spiral.SO is E and a little N.Very faint rings extend to diameter of 7!4. 228 1 47.3 +10 23 IC 162 4069 30 103a-D - 2 8X VV 53 Defects on blue Survey print in both VV 53 and VV 54. 229 1 21.9 +33 6 NGC 507+08 4314 30 103a-D - 1 2X VV 207 Circular or near circular rings of small density difference. 230 0 44.8 -13 37 4369 25 103a-D - 3 6X Wilson 5 Inner and outer shells visible in direction of axis only. 231 0 42.0 - 4 17 IC 1575 4342 30 103a-D - 1 4X Wilson 4 Faintest arc extends about 2'S of nucleus with absorption. 232 9 32.2 +10 16 4363 25 103a-D - 2 10X Absorption lane reaching away from galaxy. 233 10 30.4 +54 32 54Bm20 103a-O - 1* 8X Haro No.2 Narrow faint absorption lane in SE direction. (27) 234 11 34.2 +54 41 NGC 3738 1138B 30 103a-D GG 1 4-5 6X Baade Considerable resolution into stars and absorption tubes. 235 0 7.2 +15 39 NGC 14 4072 30 103a-D - 3 6X VV 80 Faint outer oval and resolution into stars. 236 1 6.2 -17 38 IC 1623 4357 24 103a-O - 3 4X VV 114 Faint outer arm curves around through 270ø. 237 9 26.1 +12 25 4462 30 103a-J - 2 8X Wirtanen 16 Knot in arm as large, not quite as bright as nucleus. 238(13 13.4)(+62 18) 4457 30 103a-J - 3 8X VV 250 VV position somewhat uncertain. Double nuclei, N nucleus has third arm. 239 13 40.5 +55 49 NGC 5278+79 383Z 30 103a-O - 2 5X VV 19, 383Z Smaller galaxy is fairly symmetrical spiral. 240 13 38.4 + 0 59 NGC 5257+58 374Z 40 103a-O - 2 5X VV 55 241 14 36.4 +30 35 4500 25 103a-J - 1-210X VV 264 242 12 44.7 +30 54 NGC 4676 3790 30 103a-D GG 13 3 4X VV 224, Baade Very thin, bright tail from north nucleus which has strong absorption. (15)(17)(19) 243 8 36.6 +25 52 NGC 2623 1137B 30 103a-O GG 1 4-5 8X Baade, VV 79 Some very small bright knots resolved in interior. 244 12 0.3 -18 42 NGC 4038+39 422Z 20 103a-O - 1-2 1X VV 245 (44) 245 9 44.3 -14 11 NGC 2992+93 4395 25 103a-D - 2 2X Wilson 23 Very faint diffuse connection from both ends of N spiral to S spiral. 246 0 5.4 + 8 12 4384 25 103a-D - 3 10X Wilson 1 May not be physically connected. 247 8 21.9 +21 26 IC 2338+39 4476 30 103a-J - 3 8X Herzog 10 Spirals have common arm, N spiral arm continues NE. 248 11 44.9 - 3 26 3893 60 103a-E GG 11 3 4X VV 35, Wild Three spirals connected together. (18)(44)(45) 249 23 58.9 +22 50 3996 30 103a-O - 1-310X VV 186 Straight connection from faint material on E to middle galaxy. 250 7 33.8 +35 26 3121M 20 103a-O - 3-410X Minkowski 251 0 52.1 -14 2 4356 25 103a-D - 3 10X Wilson 6 Outside arms diffuse and bifurcate. 252 9 43.4 -19 33 4381 25 103a-D - 4 8X Wilson 22 Radio source M09-19. 253 9 41.9 - 5 9 4135 30 103a-D - 3 6X VV 52 Some resolution of stars or H II regions. 254 15 19.9 - 7 15 4501 30 103a-J - 2 2X Wilson 33 Position of brighter galaxy, companion south. 255 9 51.5 + 8 1 4174 30 103a-D - 1-2 8X VV 342 Faint arm extends beyond high S.B. companion. 256 0 17.2 -10 32 3115M 20 103a-O - 3-4 8X Minkowski Resolution into knots. Note small ragged galaxy W of pair. Radio source M00-10 is 7!S. 257 8 50.1 - 2 15 4098 30 103a-D - 3 8X VV 41 Galaxies joined by segment of thin arc. 258 2 37.4 +18 15 4070 30 103a-D - 2 6X VV 143 Resolution into knots on larger galaxy. (15) 259 5 0.2 - 4 18 NGC 1741 278M 20 103a-O - 1-2 6X Minkowski Material extends SE toward peculiar round spiral. 260 12 12.1 +16 18 4533 25 103a-J - 3 8X Herzog 17 Possibly lines of faint condensations extending south. 261 14 47.8 -10 2 4538 25 103a-J - 3 2X VV 140 Some condensations resolved, similar smaller galaxy appears north. 262 23 55.3 +16 39 4116 30 103a-D - 2 8X VV 255 Some resolution into knots. 263 10 23.4 +17 19 NGC 3239 4157 30 103a-D - 1-3 4X VV 95 Diffuse outer filaments, bright knots inside. 264 10 2.0 +40 52 NGC 3104 PH-3745S 25 103a-0 GG 13 3 6X VV 119 Faint diffuse outer material. 265 12 52.5 +36 15 IC 3862 3746S 25 103a-O GG 13 3 10X VV 266 Resolution of stars or knots. 266 12 57.5 +35 2 NGC 4861 4439 25 103a-D - 1-2 6X Resolution into knots, bright knot at S end. (19) 267 10 35.0 +31 43 4435 35 103a-J - 2 8X Wilson 26 Semi-stellar nucleus, faint oval ring outside. 268 8 15.9 +70 50 3481 30 103a-O GG 13 1 2X DDO 50 Resolution of stars. Note linear loop of emission regions. 269 12 29.3 +41 48 NGC 4490+85 4186 30 103a-D - 3 2X VV 30 Resolution of knots, emission regions and dust lanes only. 270 10 48.2 +33 9 NGC 3395+96 4138 30 103a-D - 3 6X VV 246 Note arc form of emission knots. (32)(35) 271 14 1.8 - 5 55 NGC 5426+27 4251 30 103a-D - 3 4X VV 21 Arms linked. Note bifurcation in arm of N spiral. 272 16 4.0 +17 52 NGC 6054 3984 45 103a-D - 2 10X Arms join at dense knot or nucleus. Herc. cluster. (3)(19) 273 2 19.6 +39 14 4071 30 103a-D - 2 6X VV 323 Position of large spiral. Bright long well defined arms, but, smooth, not patchy. 274 14 33.5 + 5 29 4460 25 103a-D - 3 8X Perturbation of arm by small galaxy to east. 275 9 24.4 -11 52 NGC 2881 4166 30 103a-D - 2 10X VV 293 276 2 26.1 +19 27 IC 1801+NGC 935 4376 25 103a-D - 3 8X VV 238 Both intersecting edges seem dimmed. 277 12 54.3 + 2 42 NGC 4809+10 381Z 30 103a-O - 2 10X Resolution of knots. 278 22 18.1 +29 14 NGC 7253 4009 30 103a-D lb - 4 8X VV 242 Diffuse material between galaxies, many internal absorption lanes. 279 3 12.7 - 2 55 NGC 1253 4079 30 IIa-O GG 13 3 2X DDO 31 280 11 36.2 +48 4 NGC 3769 4169 30 103a-D - 2-3 6X 281 12 40.8 +32 42 NGC 4631 PS-8270 51 103a-J Wr. #4 2 6X* Knots resolved with 48-inch. Diffuse counter tail on companion. (3)(24)(25)(29)(33)(40) 282 0 35.3 +23 50 NGC 169 PH-4385 25 103a-D - 3 6X Wilson 3 Companion appears to rain into nucleus of spiral. 283 9 15.7 +42 5 NGC 2798+99 4099 30 103a-D - 3 6X VV 50 Arc of barely resolved knots curves into nucleus of larger galaxy. 284 23 34.7 + 2 0 NGC 7714+15 4012 30 103a-D lb - 4 4X VV 51 Some very small knots in connecting streamer. (32) 285 9 22.1 +49 23 NGC 2854+56 4448 30 103a-J - 2 4X Wirtanen 15 Narrow tail leads away from northern nucleus. 286 14 18.8 + 4 6 NGC 5566+60+69 908S45 103a-D GG 11 2-3 2X Connection not visible. 287 9 1.0 +26 3 4123 30 103a-D - 3 8X VV 40 Slanted parallel streamers off each edge of main galaxy. 288 13 33.5 +13 58 NGC 5221+22+26 4427 35 103a-J - 1-2 2X VV 315 Streamers in both directions from edge of spiral. 289 11 54.7 -19 44 NGC 3981 4182 30 103a-D - 3 2X VV 8 Very faint diffuse streamers. 290 2 2.3 +14 35 IC 196+95 4299 30 103a-D - 2 6X VV 309 VV position incorrect. 291 10 41.2 +13 37 4463 17 103a-J - 1 8X VV 112 Main body has cylindrical appearance. 292 9 53.1 - 6 43 IC 575 4136 30 103a-D - 3 8X VV 111 Position of central object. Edge-on Sa, some indication of absorption streaming off edges. 293 16 58.1 +58 58 4291 30 103a-D - 1 6X Position of larger galaxy. Companion NW. Diffuse arc SE of brighter galaxy. 294 11 38.1 +32 5 NGC 3786+88 373Z40 103a-O - 2 2X VV 228 Peculiar filaments. (35) 295 23 39.9 - 3 44 IC 1505 3980 75 103a-O - 2-3 2X VV 34, Zwicky SW gal. is IC 1505. Polarized bridge. (6)(32)(44) 296 11 27.1 +58 42 NGC 3690+IC 694 4354 30 103a-D - 2 6X Long st. filament almost to attachment with arm of spiral. 297 14 44.1 +38 52 NGC 5754+55 4539 30 103a-J - 3 2X Wilson 31 Postion of larger spiral. Companion on arm has long tail extending westward. 298 23 1.7 + 8 42 NGC 7469 3976 26 103a-0 - 3 6X Absorption, knots. Note apparent re-entrant spiral arm on southern galaxy. 299 11 27.3 +58 43 4354 30 103a-D - 2 6X VV 118 Bright internal knots. 300 9 25.4 +68 32 4165 30 103a-D - 3 6X VV 106 Position between pair. Note elongated feature pointing toward nucleus of larger spiral. 301 11 8.3 +24 27 4434 25 103a-D - 2 8X VV 229 302 14 55.7 +24 44 4485 25 103a-J - 3 8X VV 340 303 9 44.7 + 3 12 IC 563+64 4491 25 103a-J - 3 6X Wirtanen 17 Position between pair. 304 3 9.8 - 9 2 NGC 1241+42 4309 30 103a-D - 3 6X VV 334 305 11 57.0 +27 44 NGC 4016+17 4453 25 103a-J - 2 2X Segment breaking from arm of S gal., weak filaments reach to N gal., which has figure 8 loops. 306 1 31.0 + 4 27 4077 30 103a-D - 3 4X VV 173+174 VV position. Resolution; diffuse, hooked countertail. 307 9 24.2 +11 34 NGC 2872+74 4492 25 103a-J - 3 6X Position between pair. Possibly not interacting. 308 1 24.2 - 1 31 NGC 545+47 PH-4307 60 103a-O Polaroid 3 8X Close ellipticals. Position of central galaxy (NGC 541). 309 2 26.9 -10 58 NGC 942+43 4118 30 103a-D - 3 6X VV 217 Peculiar absorption ring, possibly broken. 310 17 26.9 +58 33 IC 1259 3985 45 103a-D - 3 10X VV 101 Very close E galaxies. Picture is 10X of following (No. 311) area. 311 17 26.9 +58 33 IC 1259 3985 45 103a-D - 3 4X VV 101 Same as 310, but shows surrounding field and group. Picture is 4X of preceding (No. 310) area. 312 16 49.0 +46 45 4283 30 103a-D - 2 8X VV 197 Diffuse connection between central members of group. 313 11 56.1 +32 27 NGC 3994+95 4170 30 103a-D - 3 2X Mayall, VV 249 Linear strings of knots like deformed spiral arms. Strong [O II] emission. (32) 314 22 56.3 - 3 57 3974 50 103a-O - 3 2X VV 295 Faint filament leads SE to faint dwarf. Pos. of W spiral. 315 9 18.0 +33 54 NGC 2832 4432 30 103a-D GG 11 2 8X Companion E is quite compact. 316 10 16.5 +21 59 NGC 3190 PS-8268 50 103a-J Wr. #4 2 8X* Leo Croup, Edge-on spiral shows signs of interaction. VV 307 317 11 18.6 +13 10 NGC 3627+23+28PS-8269 50 103a-J Wr. #4 2 2X* VV 308 See also 16. Both galaxies on east show signs of interaction. 318 2 7.9 -10 16NGC 833+35+38+39PH-437230 103a-J - 4 2X Position of NGC 833. Faint, diffuse streamers, peculiar galaxies. 319 22 34.5 +33 47 NGC 7317 thru 19 4657 20 103a-J - 3 2X VV 288 Position of NGC 7317. Stefan's 0uintet. (13)(18) 320 11 36.3 +22 11 4444 25 103a-D - 2 4X VV 282 Position of close triplet. Large companion NW. 321 9 37.4 - 4 42 3725S25 103a-O GG 13 2 8X VV 116 VV position. Sharp absorption lane in connection to southern most galaxy. 322 11 31.1 +53 7 1909B20 103a-O GG 13 3 8X VV 150 Near NGC 3718. See No. 214. (18) 323 23 52.6 + 0 13 NGC 7783 4661 20 103a-J - 4 6X VV 208 324 16 0.8 +16 2 PS-8521 50 103a-J Wr. #4 2 10X* VV 159 Diffuse elongation of E's along line joining them. 325 22 1.7 -21 12 PH-4302 30 103a-O - 3 10X VV 167 326 13 36.1 + 6 35 4537 25 103a-J - 3 2X VV 6 Position of integral sign spiral. Five spirals in approx. chain. No. 33 gives larger scale picture. 327 5 20.2 + 6 39 NGC 1875 4666 20 103a-J - 4 8X VV 169 Three distorted galaxies in general line toward east. 328 14 46.5 +19 11 4487 35 103a-J - 3 4X VV 165 Six galaxies more or less in line; center one has semi-stellar component. 329 11 30.4 +70 58 4450 35 103a-J - 2 8x VV 172 Plate defect on northern most galaxy. (18)(19) 330 16 48.3 +53 27 4654 20 103a-E GG 11 2 2X Makarian Five galaxies in chain quite compact; 6th of low surface brightness. 331 1 5.7 +32 15 NGC 375 thru 388 4668 25 103a-E GG 11 2 1X Makarian Position of NGC 383. Symmetry around large central galaxy. Velocities known. (1) 332 3 7.2 -23 10 IC 1892 4373 25 103a-J - 3 1X VV 260 + VV 337 Different types of galaxies in chain. 333 2 37.6 +10 43 NGC 1024 4318 45 103a-O - 1 4X Thin circular arms, star in SE superposed on wisp. 334 13 29.1 +31 47 4440 25 103a-D - 2 6X Second "star" south not quite stellar. 335 11 1.8 + 4 56 NGC 3509 4180 30 103a-D - 3 8X VV 75 Large luminous system. (19) 336 8 53.8 +58 55 NGC 2685 663S 30 103a-O - 2 3X Hubble E is to right of N, W to left. (3)(14)(26) 337 9 53.6 +69 51 NGC 3034 5Bm 30 103a-0 WG 2 3 2X M 82 Internal explosion. (3)(8)(20)(21)(25)(29)(37) 338 10 9.5 - 7 46 233M 20 103a-O - 1-210X