GC = General Catalogue by Herschel 1864 [17]

IC = Index Catalogue of Dreyer [12]

M = Messier's (1784) catalogue of nebular objects [34] , modern version [16]

MOL = Master List of Non-Stellar Astronomical Objects by Dixon and Sonneborn [10]

NGC = New General Catalogue by Dreyer [11]

RNGC = Revised New General Catalogue by Sulentic and Tifft [44]

Of 110 entries in Messier's catalogue, the 39 objects listed in Table 1 are now known to be external galaxies (see [16] for a modern and accessible compilation). A similarly large proportion of the entries of GC, NGC, and IC are also extragalactic as evidenced by the early examination of the GC [222], and subsequent modern re-examinations RNGC [44]. This latter study is based upon an inspection of the objects as they appear on the POSS-photographs [53] and so descriptions are limited to northern objects.

Only as the true nature of the various classes of ``nebulae" became known in the early decades of the twentieth century, did external galaxies lay claim to being catalogued in their own right. Nevertheless, in the tradition of the NGC, the ``Quick Blue" European Southern Observatory (ESO) Sky Survey was made available with extensive listing and descriptions of all non-stellar southern objects [18, 27] so as to make interesting new Galactic and extragalactic objects immediately available to the large reflectors being completed in the southern hemisphere.

Collectively, the compilations cited above contain most of the apparently brightest galaxies in the northern and southern hemispheres in their files. Prior to this the most comprehensive compilation of non-stellar objects drawn from the published literature, and merged purely by a sequential positional ordering, is the Master List of Non-Stellar Astronomical Objects by Dixon and Sonneborn [10] which contains a listing of over 200,000 entries. Recently the NGC/IC catalogues have been been made more accessible in a corrected form, updated to the equinox 2000.0 [43]

Table 1. Extragalactic Objects in Messier's Lists

Messier	Dreyer	RA(2000)	DEC(2000)
M31	NGC 0224	00 42 44	+41 16 09
M32	NGC 0221	00 42 42	+40 51 52
M33	NGC 0598	01 33 51	+30 39 36
M49	NGC 4472	12 29 46	+07 59 48
M51	NGC 5194/5	13 29 56	+47 14 04
M58	NGC 4579	12 37 44	+11 49 11
M59	NGC 4621	12 42 02	+11 38 49
M60	NGC 4649	12 43 40	+11 32 58
M61	NGC 4303	12 21 55	+04 28 25
M63	NGC 5055	13 15 51	+42 01 45
M64	NGC 4826	12 56 44	+21 41 05
M65	NGC 3623	11 18 55	+13 05 35
M66	NGC 3627	11 20 15	+12 59 30
M74	NGC 0628	01 36 42	+15 47 12
M77	NGC 1068	02 42 40	-00 00 48
M81	NGC 3031	09 55 33	+69 03 55
M82	NGC 3034	09 55 54	+69 40 57
M83	NGC 5236	13 37 00	-29 52 04
M84	NGC 4374	12 25 04	+12 53 14
M85	NGC 4382	12 25 24	+18 11 27
M86	NGC 4406	12 26 12	+12 56 47
M87	NGC 4486	12 30 49	+12 23 28
M88	NGC 4501	12 31 59	+14 25 17
M89	NGC 4552	12 35 40	+12 33 25
M90	NGC 4569	12 36 50	+13 09 48
M91	NGC 4548	12 35 26	+14 29 49
M94	NGC 4736	12 50 53	+41 07 09
M95	NGC 3351	10 43 58	+11 42 15
M96	NGC 3368	10 46 45	+11 49 16
M98	NGC 4192	12 13 48	+14 54 01
M99	NGC 4254	12 18 49	+14 25 07
M100	NGC 4321	12 22 55	+15 49 19
M101	NGC 5457	14 03 13	+54 21 02
M104	NGC 4594	12 39 59	-11 37 28
M105	NGC 3379	10 47 50	+12 34 57
M106	NGC 4258	12 18 58	+47 18 12
M108	NGC 3556	11 11 32	+55 40 15
M109	NGC 3992	11 57 36	+53 22 31
M110	NGC 0205	00 40 22	+41 41 16

AM = Catalogue of Southern Peculiar Galaxies and Associations (Arp, Madore [2]): 6,445 peculiar and interacting galaxies found on IIIa-J southern sky survey plates, types, positions and characteristic sizes, cross-identifications and selected photographs; samples are given in [60].

CGCG = Catalogue of Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies(Zwicky et al. [52]:positions; magnitudes; available redshifts; m(lim) ~ 15.5 mag.; identification charts for some 31,000 northern-hemisphere galaxies.

CGPG = Catalogue of Selected Compact Galaxies and Post-Eruptive Galaxies (Zwicky [51]): positions and descriptions of over 3,700 compact and related galaxies.

CIG = KIG = Catalogue of Isolated Galaxies (Karachentseva [23]): cataloged 1,051 isolated northern-hemisphere galaxies with apparent magnitudes m < 15.7 mag; radial velocity study in [167].

CPG = KDG = Catalogue of Isolated Pairs of Galaxies (Karachentsev [21]): cataloged 603 isolated pairs of northern-hemisphere galaxies with apparent magnitudes of the components m < 15.7 mag; 332 of them show signs of interaction; follow-up radial velocity study [163].

CTG = KTG = Catalogue of Galaxies Triples (Karachentsev [22]): cataloged 84 isolated triples of northern-hemisphere galaxies with apparent magnitudes of the components m < 15.7 mag; finding charts are provided; radial velocity study in [168].

MCG = Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies (Vorontsov-Velyaminov et al. [49]): positions; rough magnitudes; diameters; inclination classes; coded descriptions; about 29,000 galaxies; m(lim) ~ 15.0 mag.

SA = Shapley-Ames Catalogue [42]: one of the earliest and most useful lists containing exclusively galaxies; rough magnitudes; sizes; positions; descriptions; 1249 galaxies; m(lim) ~ 13.0 mag.

SGC = Southern Galaxy Catalogue (Corwin, H.G., de Vaucouleurs, A, and de Vaucouleurs, G. [6]): provides precise positions, morphological types, luminosity classifications, diameters and axial ratios for 5,471 galaxies, larger than 1.5-2.0 arcmin, south of = -17° found on the UK Schmidt IIIa-J plates.

UGC = Uppsala General Catalogue of Galaxies (Nilson [35]): 12,939 galaxies > -2 degrees, and with diameters > 1 arcmin or m(pg) 14.5 mag.; diameters; position angles; magnitudes; Hubble types; luminosity classes; cross-references to MCG, NGC, IC, CGCG and other lists.

UGCA = Selected Non-UGC Galaxies (Nilson [36]): 400 late-type spirals, irregulars and dwarf systems; incremental to the UGC.

VCC = Virgo Cluster Catalog (Binggeli et al. [3]): contains listings of 2,096 galaxies in the Virgo cluster.

CGQ = Cataloged Galaxies and Quasars Observed in the IRAS Survey (Lonsdale et al. [29]): 11,444 IRAS point sources positionally associated with cataloged galaxies and quasars giving their flux densities at 12, 25, 60 and 100µm. See also [188, 276, 282] for detailed identifications of IRAS sources in Virgo, Fornax, Hydra, Coma and the South Galactic Pole.

CNG = A Catalog of 2,810 Nearby Galaxies has been compiled by Kraan-Korteweg, R. [25] which up-dates and supersedes an earlier version [26] entitled ``A Catlogue of Galaxies within 10 Mpc'' which was believed to be complete for galaxies brighter than -18.5 mag, but includes many galaxies which are intrinsically fainter.

ESO-LV = The Surface Photometry Catalogue of the ESO-Uppsala Galaxies [28]: 37 optical parameters for 16,000 galaxies, including positions, types, redshifts, magnitudes, colours, foreground extinction, dimensions, orientations, profile gradients and surrounding galaxy densities.

NBG = Nearby Galaxies Catalog (Tully [46]): 2,367 galaxies with systemic velocities less than 3,000 km/s. Types and group affiliations; magnitudes, velocities and line widths with references and cross-identifications. A companion atlas to accompany the Catalog is found in [47].

PGC = Catalogue of Principal Galaxies (Paturel, G., Fouqué, P, Bottinelli, L., Gouguenheim, L. [37, 208]): positions and cross-identifications for 73,197 galaxies; morphological descriptions, apparent major and minor axes, apparent magnitudes, radial velocities and position angles.

RC1 = Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies (de Vaucouleurs [7]): published data for 2,599 well-studied galaxies; catalogue does not claim completeness but contains those galaxies with diameter > 30 arcsec having published data, m(pg) < 16 mag., or with redshift < 15,000 km/s; revised classifications and detailed references to the literature from 1913 to 1963.

RC2 = Second Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies (de Vaucouleurs et al. [8]): revised and expanded version of RC1 for 4,364 objects; diameters and axial ratios; magnitudes and colours on the UBV system; continuum and 21-cm radio magnitudes; redshifts and classifications; references to published photographs and references from 1964 to 1975.

RC3 = Third Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies (de Vaucouleurs et al. [9]): revised and enlarged version of RC1 and RC2 containing 23,024 objects; reasonably complete for galaxies having apparent diameters greater than 1 arcmin, B-band magnitudes brighter than 15.5 mag and redshifts less than 15,000 km/s; diameters and axial ratios, magnitudes and colours, redshifts and classifications, all on a uniform system; references to 1987; objects ordered by equinox 2000.0 positions. Published in three volumes.

RSA = Revised Shapely-Ames Catalog of Bright Galaxies (Sandage, Tammann [40]): positions, Hubble types based on large-scale reflector plates, magnitudes and velocities for 1246 galaxies; illustrative photographs included.

A General Catalog of HI Observations of Galaxies (Huchtmeier W.K., Richter, O.-G.: [19]) presents 20,000 entries for over 10,000 galaxies, where the HI data are presented as originally published with detailed references.

Catalog of IRAS Observations of Large Optical Galaxies (Rice it et al.: [224]) total flux densities at 12, 25, 60 and 100 µm for 85 galaxies with blue diameters greater than 8 arcmin; infrared brightness profiles and infrared surface brightness contour maps.

Catalogue of HI Data (Paturel et al. [206]) a compilation of 21,186 21cm linewidth measurements, 12,048 HI velocities, 11,161 HI fluxes from 440 references complete to 1988. Weighted mean HI parameters derived from this catalogue are given in [87].

A Bibliography on the Structure of Galaxies (Brosche, Einasto, Rummel [89]): compilation of kinematic and photometric references on nearby galaxies (V < 1,100 km/s); complete to May 1973.

List of Elite Galaxies (Tenjes et al. [265]): a compilation of kinematic, spectroscopic and photometric data (with references) for over 400 well observed and interesting galaxies.

IRAS Bright Galaxy Sample (Soifer et al. [261]): 324 extragalactic objects with IRAS 60 µm flux densities greater than 5.4 Jy, in an area of ~ 14,500 sq. deg, with Galactic latitude > -15° and > -30° for = 00-12 hr; > -15° for = 12-14 hr; > -20° for = 12-24 hr.

An Atlas of 10,632 HII Regions in 125 Galaxies (Hodge, Kennicutt [151]) includes photographs, numbered charts, and tabular off-set positions; see also [149, 150].

Atlas of Velocity Dispersion Profiles and Rotation Curves for Elliptical and Lenticular Galaxies (Busarello, et al. [91] ); see also [105, 281].

Catalogue of Seyfert Galaxies and Related Objects (Kaneko [162]) and Catalogue of Seyfert Galaxies (Lipovetsky et al. [189]) each compile data, cross-identifications and references to the literature for approximately 1,000 known Seyfert galaxies.

Catalogue of Low Surface Brightness Galaxies (Karachentseva, Sharina [169]) positions, sizes, magnitudes, cross-identifications, etc for some 1,500 low surface brightness galaxies.

Palomar-Westerbork Survey of Northern Spiral Galaxies (Wevers et al. [279]) represents an atlas of combined radio and optical (U'JF) observations of 16 bright, near-by northern hemisphere spiral galaxies.

Rotation Curve Catalogues: bibliographical information up to 1981 on rotation curves for 271 galaxies (Baiesi et al. [67]), and for 116 normal S and Ir galaxies (Kyazumov [186]).

A study of double and multiple galaxies including an original list of such systems [154]; samples of southern binary galaxies [233, 259]. A List of Galaxies Possibly Associated with Abell Clusters is given by Haynes [140].

Catalogues of low surface-brightness dwarf galaxies [2, 129, 165, 190, 191, 245, 246, 269]. See especially [169]. Listing of 500 Irr II galaxies detected on the POSS prints [157]. Dwarf galaxies in the Virgo cluster [3, 156, 218, 219, 220, 221, 238, 239, 242], in the NGC 5128 Group [277], the Fornax Cluster [4, 14, 85, 103, 153, 158]. Irregular and dwarf galaxies in two fields centered on M81 and M101 [155], in the Leo Group [143], in the NGC 1023 Group [38, 104], in the NGC 896, NGC 1068, NGC 3190 and NGC 5846 Groups [124]; in the extended IC 342 and M81/82 Groups [81, 82, 83, 166]; in Cl 1046+65 [84]. See also [86].

Positions, morphological types, magnitudes and radial velocities for a complete sample of 180 galaxies in the Virgo cluster (within 6 degrees of M87 and brighter than B_T = 14.0 mag.) [183]>. An atlas of spiral galaxies in the Virgo cluster [239], and an atlas of dwarf galaxies in the Virgo cluster [238]. Blue galaxies in Virgo [77]. Catalogues of galaxies in the Coma Cluster [231]; the Centaurus Cluster [115]; in the Fornax Cluster [5, 14, 20, 98, 103, 215], five nearby groups (Leo, Dorado, NGC 1400, NGC 5044 and the Antilla Group) [15]. A catalogue of morphological types of galaxies found in 55 rich clusters [118] gives positions, morphological types, total magnitudes, bulge sizes and ellipticities for some 6,000 galaxies. Redshifts, morphological types, classifications, orientations and ellipticities for 129 galaxies in a 6 by 6 degree region of the Horologium-Reticulum region of the southern sky [192]. Types, magnitudes and diameters for 220 galaxies in the Hercules supercluster [92]; data on 581 galaxies in the Hydra I (Abell 1060) cluster [229].

Approximately 6,500 late-type spirals (including dwarfs) and irregular galaxies south of = -22° including morphological types, luminosity classes, and inner and outer diameters [101]. 580 Magellanic-type dwarf galaxies classified and illustrated [128].

Catalogues containing over 7,000 galaxies close to and/or obscured by the Galactic plane [234, 235, 278]; follow-up studies [214]. A survey of the ``Perseus Plane'' [138].

Early photographic studies of northern galaxies: Lick Observatory [170, 102], Mt. Wilson 60-inch reflector [210]; southern galaxies: Reynolds 30-inch reflector (Australia) [108], Cape Photographic Atlas of Southern Galaxies (Radcliffe 74-inch reflector) [13], furthermore [110, 114, 123, 137]. Additional list of galaxies from early photographic surveys [194, 223, 263].

The Hubble Atlas of Galaxies [38], the standard reference for galaxy illustrations, contains pictures of 176 galaxies photographed with the Hale Observatories' reflectors. This atlas also provides the definitive description of the Hubble-Sandage classification scheme (see 9.1.3.1). A mini-atlas illustrating a general discussion of galaxy classification is provided by Sandage [237]. The first photographs from the Las Campanas 2.5m and 1.0m reflectors have been published [119, 240], in preparation of publication of RSA [40].

The Atlas de Galaxias Australes [41] gives photographs and isodensity tracings for 59 southern galaxies.

Elmegreen [121] presents an atlas of 54 galaxies photographically imaged in the blue and near-infrared. This atlas and other published works were then consulted in process of classifying 745 galaxies according to the continuity and symmetry of their spiral arms [122].

Image tube plates have been used for: an atlas of 41 galaxies designed to illustrate the dust distribution in galaxies [193], see also [110, 171, 270]; a survey of galactic structure underlying Seyfert galaxies [55], a survey of dwarf galaxies in the vicinity of the M81 and Local Group galaxies [131].

Color reproductions of galaxies can be found for 606 galaxies in The Color Atlas of Galaxies (Wray: [50]); but see also Malin, D., Murdin, P.: Colors of the Stars [196] and Lausten, S., Madsen, C., West, R.M.: Exploring the Southern Sky [187].

Galaxies useful for measuring the cosmological distance scale have been extensively illustrated in an Atlas of Galaxies (Sandage, A. R., Bedke, J.: [39]).

Takase, B., Kodaira, K., and Okamura, S.: [45] published an Atlas of Selected Galaxies, giving photographic reproductions and photometric analyses for over 100 galaxies imagedwith the Okayama 1.88m reflector or the Kiso 1.05m Schmidt.

Photographic prints and two-dimensional surface brightness distributions are given in a Photometric Atlas of Northern Bright Galaxies (Kodaira, K., Okamura, S., Ichikawa, S.: [24]) for 791 RSA galaxies north of = -25° as photographed by the Kiso Observatory 1.05 m Schmidt telescope.

A classification scheme and an illustrated atlas of Virgo Cluster dwarf galaxies [242].

See also [108, 111, 204, 205].

Atlas and Catalogue of Interacting Galaxies [48, 275]: objects found and reproduced from POSS paper prints. Follow-up study in [68].

Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies [1, 59]: based on original large-scale reflector plates. A Catalogue of Interacting Galaxies in the Region < -37.5° and b < -30° by Bergvall [71] includes 369 systems of interacting galaxies, 47 distorted single galaxies and 329 normal systems.

A Catalogue of Southern Peculiar Galaxies and Associations (Arp, Madore [2]): printed in two volumes; the first volume contains positions, descriptions, codings and cross-identifications to 6,445 extragalactic systems, while the second contains selected prints from the original IIIa-J SERC southern sky survey plates illustrating the 24 categories of peculiarity as developed by the authors.

Isodensity tracings and small-scale reproduction of 91 peculiar galaxies [244]; photographs of a magnitude-limited sample of 59 interacting galaxies and 38 isolated galaxies in a control sample [160].

Smaller lists of peculiar and interacting galaxies include [56, 248] which contain positions and selected photographs; photographs, tracings and spectra for VV galaxies and Markarian galaxies in pairs [69, 95, 96, 97]; an investigation of morphological features in 12 interacting galaxies [182a]; morphological study of 15 blue dwarf galaxies [95]. A candidate list with illustrative photographs of 22 S0 galaxies with polar rings [247].

Of course, photographic reproductions of galaxies of all types and descriptions can be found on prints and glass copies of the POSS [53] ( > -45°) and the ESO/SRC (= Science Research Council) Sky Survey ( < -17°).

Warm IRAS galaxies: a catalogue of AGN candidates based on IRAS colours [106]. A morphological CCD survey of 11 emission-line galaxies with compact appearance [264].

Dusty ellipticals as a class of galaxies characterized by an elliptical-like body and a disk or ring of gas and dust with no substantial population of stars in it were first pointed out by [74] . Ebneter and Balick [120] have published a list of 103 dusty ellipticals as drawn from the literature [72, 74, 139, 181, 268]; see also [75, 93, 136, 202, 203, 254, 272] for detailed studies of these and related objects [171, 175, 255, 256, 257, 258].

Arp [1] first drew attention to ellipticals with shells. These were further illustrated in Arp and Madore [2] and catalogued by [195, 216]. A review of their status is given in [61], and also [217] which outlines a three-way classification scheme: Type 1 include systems whose shells are aligned; Type 2 have position angles of the shells randomly distributed around the central galaxy; Type 3 includes all other systems where there are only a small number of shells, or where the shells are not manifest as well-defined concentric structures.

Early-type galaxies with polar ring structures are reviewed in [61, 174] with a listing of known such systems appearing in [247]; see also [254].

Peanut-shaped (P-type) and Box-shaped (B-type) bulges have been noted by many observers [8, 38, 73, 90, 113, 152, 182, 267, 271 ] and a list of 41 such objects (30 of which are from a survey with < -18°) is presented by [159]; an all-sky survey [107], complete to B = 13.2 mag, gives 74 box-shaped galaxies including photographs and isophotal tracings.

(For abbreviations, see 9.1.1.1, 9.1.1.2, 9.1.1.3). Most of the NGC/IC objects are identified on the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) charts. For northern RC1 Galaxies (x,y) mm positions on the POSS prints are calculated from nominal ( , ) in [172]. Sulentic and Tifft [44] also give rectangular coordinates measured directly from the POSS. An atlas of transparent overlays for the POSS (marking all objects listed in the MOL) is given in [116]. In CGCG [52], galaxies are identified with respect to bright stars and clusters of galaxies on individual charts for each POSS field. For the ESO/SRC survey, the tabulations of [18] also give (x, y) millimeter positions for the ``Quick Blue'' survey, as does the Arp-Madore Catalogue [2] for the ESO/SRC J-survey. Finding charts for galaxies with ultraviolet continua can be found in [30, 31, 32 76, 197, 198, 199, 200, 260] with a summary listing in [33]. Fragmentary lists of peculiar and interacting galaxies are given in [56, 248], containing positions and selected photographs.

With the advent of high-precision radio source positions, similarly accurate optical positions are needed. To meet this need a number of observers have remeasured positions of galaxies with respect to AGK stars (see 8.1.1.5) either directly or by using the intermediate step of producing transparent overlays. Extensive lists of positions are given in [58, 70, 88, 94, 99, 117, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135, 161, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 209, 211, 236, 241, 243, 262, 273, 280]. Depending on the method used and the definition of the galaxy's nucleus, the accuracies quoted for the best cases are now on the order of 0.1 arcsec, although typical accuracies are 3-10 arcsec.

Since June 1990 the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) has been freely available for use by the astronomical community world-wide [141, 142]. NED is an on-going project that organizes a broad range of published extragalactic data into a computer-based central archive, which is designed for fast and flexible query via electronic networks. See also [207, 208].

NED provides positions, names, and basic data for over 200,000 extragalactic objects, as well as some 250,000 bibliographic references to 20,000 published papers, theses, notes from catalogues and other publications. NED supports searches for objects and for references, and will forward to the user, upon request, files containing data retrieved during a session. It also allows users to view the contents of several major catalogues, and to browse through abstracts of articles of extragalactic interest that have appeared since 1988 in five major journals (Astron. Astrophys., Astron. J., Astrophys. J., Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc., Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific., including their Letters and Supplements).

The NED service may be accessed over INTERNET or NSI-DECNET (previously known as SPAN): (i) On INTERNET, a connection to IPAC may be set up with the command: telnet ned.ipac.caltech.edu. (ii) From a node on NSI-DECNET, use the command: set host IPAC (the absolute address is 5.857). Once connected to IPAC and prompted for a ``login'', simply respond with NED; no password is needed. From this point on, the system is self-documenting, especially through the HELP utilities and the ``control-H'' key.

A number of galaxies are known by name; they are familiar but their positions are not necessarily easy to obtain. Table 2 contains the names, selected cross identifications and positions for a number of these galaxies.

XS

Table 2. Positions for Named Extragalactic Systems

Name	RA(2000)	DEC(2000)
Ambartsumian's Knot = NGC 3561	11 11.2	+28 42
Andromeda galaxy = M31 = NGC 0224	00 42.7	+41 16
Andromeda I	00 45.7	+38 00
Andromeda II	01 16.3	+33 25
Andromeda III	00 35.3	+36 31
Andromeda IV	00 42.5	+40 34
Antennae Galaxies = NGC 4038/9	12 01.9	-18 52
Aquarius Dwarf = DDO 210	20 46.9	-12 51
Arp's Galaxy	11 19.6	+51 30
Atoms-for-Peace = NGC 7252 = Arp 226	22 20.8	-24 41
Baade's Galaxies A and B	00 49.9	+42 35
Barbon's Galaxy = Mrk 328	23 37.7	+30 08
Barnard's Galaxy = NGC 6822	19 44.9	-14 48
Bear's Paw = NGC 2537	08 13.2	+46 00
BL Lac	22 02.7	+42 17
Black Eye Galaxy = M64 = NGC 4286	12 56.7	+ 21 41
Bode's Galaxies = M81/82 = NGC 3031/34	09 55.7	+69 23
Burbidge Chain = MCG -04-03-010 to 013	00 47.5	-20 25
BW Tauri = UGC 03087	04 33.2	+05 21
Carafe galaxy	04 28.0	-47 54
Carina dwarf	06 41.6	-50 58
Cartwheel galaxy	00 37.4	-33 44
Centaurus A = NGC 5128 = Arp 135	13 25.5	-43 01
Circinus galaxy	14 13.2	-65 20
Coddington's Nebula = IC 2574 = DDO 081	10 28.4	+68 25
Copeland Septet = NGC3745/54 = Arp 320	11 37.8	+21 59
Cygnus A	19 59.4	+40 43
Draco dwarf = DDO 208	17 20.2	+57 55
Fath 703 = NGC 5892	15 13.7	-15 29
Fornax A = NGC 1316	03 22.7	-37 12
Fornax dwarf	02 39.9	-34 32
Fourcade-Figueroa object	13 34.8	-45 33
The Garland	10 04.2	+68 40
Grus Quartet = NGC 7552/82/90/99	23 17.8	-42 26
GR8 = DDO 155	12 58.7	+14 13
Hardcastle Nebula	13 13.0	-32 41
Helix Galaxy	08 55.6	+58 44
Hercules A	16 51.2	+04 59
Holmberg I = DDO 063	09 40.5	+71 11
Holmberg II = DDO 050 = Arp 268	08 19.3	+70 43
Holmberg III	09 14.6	+74 14
Holmberg IV = DDO 185	13 54.7	+53 54
Holmberg V	13 40.6	+54 20
Holmberg VI = NGC 1325A	03 24.9	-21 20
Holmberg VII = DDO 137	12 34.7	+06 17
Holmberg VIII = DDO 166	13 13.3	+36 12
Holmberg IX = DDO 066	09 57.6	+69 03
Horologium Dwarf = Schuster's Spiral	03 59.2	-45 52
Hydra A	09 18.1	-12 06
Integral Sign Galaxy	07 11.4	+71 50
Keenan's System = NGC 5216/16a/18 = Arp 104	13 32.2	+62 43
Kowal's Object	19 29.9	-17 41
Large Magellanic Cloud	05 23.6	-69 45
Leo I = Harrington-Wilson No. 1	10 08.5	+12 18
= Regulus Dwarf = DDO 074
Leo II = Harrington-Wilson No.2	11 13.4	+22 10
= Leo B = DDO 093
Leo A = Leo III = DDO 069	09 59.3	+30 45
Lindsay-Shapley Ring	06 42.8	-74 15
McLeish's Object	20 09.7	-66 13
Maffei I = UGCA 034	02 36.3	+59 39
Maffei II = UGCA 039	02 42.0	+59 37
Malin 1	12 37.0	+14 20
Mayall's Object = Arp 148	11 03.9	+40 50
Mice = NGC 4676 = Arp 242	12 46.1	+30 44
Minkowski's Object = Arp 133	01 25.8	-01 21
Pegasus Dwarf = DDO 216	23 28.5	+14 44
Perseus A = NGC 1275	03 19.8	+41 31
Phoenix Dwarf Irregular	01 51.1	-44 26
Pisces Cloud = NGC 0379/80/82-85	01 07.5	+32 25
Pisces Dwarf = LGS 3	00 03.8	+21 54
Reinmuth 80 = NGC 4517A	12 32.5	+00 23
Reticulum Dwarf	04 36.2	-58 50
Sagittarius Dwarf Irregular (SagDIG)	19 30.0	-17 41
Sculptor Dwarf	01 00.2	-33 42
Sculptor Dwarf Irregular	00 08.1	-34 34
Seashell galaxy	13 44.5	-30 10
Serpens Dwarf	15 16.1	-00 08
Sextans A = DDO 075	10 11.0	-04 41
Sextans B = DDO 070	10.00.0	+05 19
Sextans C	10 05.6	+00 04
Seyfert's Sextet = NGC 6027/6027A-E	15 59.2	+20 46
Shapley-Ames 1	01 05.1	-06 13
Shapley-Ames 2 = NGC 4507	12 35.1	-39 55
Shapley-Ames 3	12 49.4	-10 07
Shapley-Ames 4	12 55.2	+00 07
Shapley-Ames 5 = IC 4946	20 24.0	-44 00
Shapley-Ames 6	21 23.2	-45 46
Small Magellanic Cloud	00 52.7	-72 50
Sombrero Galaxy = M 104 = NGC 4594	12 39.9	-11 37
Spindle Galaxy = NGC 3115	10 05.2	-07 42
Stephan's Quintet = NGC 7317-20 = Arp 319	22 36.0	+33 58
Superantennae	19 31.4	-72 39
Triangulum galaxy = M33 = NGC 0598	01 33.9	+30 39
Ursa Minor dwarf = DDO 199	15 08.8	+67 12
Virgo A = M87 = NGC 4486 = Arp 152	12 30.8	+12 23
Whirlpool galaxy = M51 = NGC 5194	13 29.9	+47 12
Wild's Triplet = Arp 248	11 46.8	-03 49
Wolf-Lundmark-Melotte object = DDO 221	00 02.0	-15 28
Zwicky No.2 = DDO 105	11 58.4	+38 03
Zwicky's Triplet = Arp 103	16 49.5	+45 30

For cross references, see 9.1.1.1; furthermore:

Arp = Arp, Atlas of peculiar galaxies [1]

DDO = David Dunlap Observatory, van den Bergh [269]

VV = Atlas and Catalogue of interacting galaxies, Vorontsov-Velyaminov [48]

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192. Lucey, J.R., Dickens, R.J., Mitchell, R.J., Dawe, J.A.: Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 203 (1983) 545.

193. Lynds, B.T.: Astrophys. J. Suppl. 28, No. 267 (1974) 391.

194. Madwar, M.R.: Helwan Obs. Bull. No. 38 (1935).

195. Malin, D., Carter, D.: Astrophys. J. 274 (1983) 534.

196. Malin, D., Murdin, P.: Colors of the Stars, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge (1984).

197. McAlpine, C.M., Lewis, D.W.: Astrophys. J. Suppl. 36 (1978) 587.

198. McAlpine, C.M., Lewis, D.W., Smith, S.B.:

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199. McAlpine, C.M., Smith, S.B., Lewis, D.W.:

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200. McAlpine, C.M., Williams, G.A.: Astrophys. J. Suppl. 45 (1981) 113.

201. Mendes de Oliveira, C.M., Hickson, P.: Astrophys. J. 380 (1991) 30.

202. Mollenhoff, C.: Astron. Astrophys. 108 (1982) 130.

203. Mollenhoff, C., Marenbach, G.: Astron. Astrophys. 154 (1986) 219.

204. Morgan, W.W.: Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 70 (1958) 364.

205. Morgan, W.W., Mayall, N.U.: Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 69 (1957) 291.

206. Paturel, G., Bottinelli, L., Gouguenheim, L., Fouqué, P.: Catalogue of HI Data = Monographies de la Base de Données Extragalactique, No. 2, Lyon: Obs de Lyon (1990).

207. Paturel, G., Fouqué, P., Bottinelli, L., Gouguenheim, L.: Catalogue of Principal Galaxies = Monographies de la Base de Données Extragalactique, No. 1 (Vol. I, II, III) Lyon: Obs. de Lyon (1988).

208. Paturel, G., Fouqué, P., Bottinelli, L., Gouguenheim, L: Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 80 (1989) 299.

209. Paturel, G., Perie, M., Rousseau, M.: Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 47 (1982) 467.

210. Pease, F.G.:

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211. Peterson, S.D.: Astron. J. 78 (1973) 811.

212. Petrosyan, M.B.: Astrofizika 10 (1974) 471 (Engl. 10 291).

213. Petrosyan, M.B.: Astrofizika 14 No. 4 (1978) 631 (Engl. 14 356).

214. Pfleiderer, J., Gruber, M.D., Gruber, G.M., Velden, L.: Astron. Astrophys. 102 (1981) L21.

215. Phillipps, S., Disney, M.J., Kibblewhite, E.J., Cawson, M.G.M.: Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 229 (1987) 505.

216. Prieur, J-L.: Doctoral Thesis, Univ. Paul Sabatier de Toulouse (1988).

217. Prieur, J-L.: Dynamics and Interactions of Galaxies (1990) ed. R. Wielen, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p. 72.

218. Reaves, G.: Astron. J. 61 (1956) 69.

219. Reaves, G.: Astrophys. J. Suppl. 53 (1981) 375.

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221. Reaves, G.: Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 89 (1977) 620.

222. Reinmuth, K.: Veroff. Sternw. Heidelberg 9 (1926) 1.

223. Reiz, A. Ann. Lund Obs. 9 (1941).

224. Rice, W., Lonsdale, C.J., Soifer, B.T., Neugebauer, G., Kopan, E.L., Lawrence, L.A., de Jong, T., Habing, H.J.: Astrophys. J. 68 (1988) 91 = Catalog of IRAS Observations of Large Optical Galaxies.

225. Richter, N.: Astron. Nachr. 301 (1980) 301.

226. Richter, L., Richter, N.: Mitt. Karl Schwarzschild Obs. Tautenberg (1968) No. 39.

227. Richter, N., Schnell, A.: Astron. Nachr. 302 (1981) 29.

228. Richter, N., Schnell, A.: Astron. Nachr. 300 (1979) 281.

229. Richter, O.-G.: Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 77 (1989) 239.

230. Rodgers, A.W., Peterson, B.A., Harding, P.: Astrophys. J. 225 (1978) 768.

231. Rood, H. J., Baum, W. A.: Astron. J. 72 (1967) 398.

232. Rubin, V.C., Hunter, D.A., Ford, W.K.: Astrophys. J. Suppl. 76 (1991) 153.

233. Sadler, E.M., Sharp, N.A.: Astron. Astrophys. J. 133 (1984) 216.

234. Saito, M., Ohtani, H., Asonuma, A., Kashikawa, N., Maki, T., Nishida, S., Watanabe, T.: Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 42 (1990) 603.

235. Saito, M., Ohtani, H., Baba, A., Hotta, N., Kameno, S., Kurosu, S. Nakada, K., Takata, T.: Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 43 (1991) 449.

236. Sandage, A.R.: Astrophys. J. 202 (1975) 563.

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238. Sandage, A. R., Binggeli. B.: Astron. J. 89 (1984) 919.

239. Sandage, A. R.: Astron. J. 90 (1985) 395.

240. Sandage, A.R., Brucato, R.: Astron. J. 84 (1979) 472.

241. Santagata, N., Basso, L., Gottardi, M., Palumbo, G.G.C., Vettolani, G.: Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 70 (1987) 189.

242. Sandage, A.R., Binggeli, B.: Astron. J. 89 (1984) 919.

243. Santagata, N., Basso, L., Gottardi, M., Palumbo, G.G.C., Vettolani, G., Vigotti, M.: Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 70 (1987) 191.

244. Schanberg, B.C.: Astrophys. J. Suppl. 26, No. 230 (1973) 115.

255. Schechter, P.L., Gunn, J.E.: Astron. J. 83 (1978) 1360.

256. Schechter, P.L., Sancisi, R.R., van Woerden, H., Lynds, C.R.: Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 208 (1984) 111.

245. Schombert, J. M., Bothun, G.D.: AJ 95 (1988) 1389.

246. Schombert, J.M., Bothun, G.D., Schneider, S.E., McGaugh, S.S.: Astron. J. 103 (1992) 110.

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257. Schweizer, F.: Astrophys. J. 237 (1980) 303.

259. Schweizer, L.: Astrophys. J. Suppl. 64 (1987) 411; 417; 427.

248. Sersic, J.L.: Astrophys. Space Sci. 28 (1974) 365.

249. Shakhbazyan, R.K.:

• Astrofizika 9 (1973) 495 (Engl. 9 296);
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250. Shakhbazyan, R.K.: Astrofizika 14 (1978) 273 (Engl. 14 154).

251. Shakhbazyan, R.K., Amirkhanyan, A.S.: Astrofizika 14 (1978) 455 (Engl. 14 249).

252. Shakhbazyan, R.K., Petrosyan, M.B.: Astrofizika 10 (1974) 13 (Engl. 10 6).

253. Sharov, A.S.: Astron. Zhurn. 50 (1973) 1023 = Soviet Astron. 17, No. 5 (1973) 647.

254. Sharples, R.M., Carter, D., Hawarden, T.G., Longmore, A.J.: Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 202 (1983) 37.

260. Smith, M.G., Aguirre, C., Zemelman, M.: Astrophys. J. Suppl. 32 (1976) 217.

261. Soifer, B.T., Sanders, D.B., Madore, B.F., Neugebauer, G., Danielson, G.E., Elias, J.H., Persson, C.J., Rice, W.L.: Astrophys. J. 320 (1987) 238 = IRAS Bright Galaxy Sample.

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264. Tarrab, I.: Astron. Astrophy. Suppl. 71 (1987) 449.

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267. Tsikoudi, V.: Astrophys. J. Suppl. 43 (1980) 365.

268. Tohline, J. E., Simonson, G.F., Caldwell, N.: Astrophys. J. 252 (1982) 92.

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279. Wevers, B.M.H.R., van der Kruit, P.C., Allen, R.J.: Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 66 (1986) 505.

280. Wilson, A.S., Meurs, E.J.A.: Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 33 (1978) 407.

281. Whitmore, B.C., McElroy, D.B., Tonry, J.L.: Astrophys. J. Suppl. 59 (1985) 1.

282. Wolstencroft, R.D., Savage, A., Clowes, R.G., MacGillivray, H.T., Leggett, S.K., Kalafi, M.: Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 223 (1986) 279.

284. Zepf, S.E., Whitmore, B.C., Levison, H.F.: Astrophys. J. 383 (1991) 524.

283. Zwicky, F., Sargent, W.L.W., Kowal, C.T.: Astron. J. 80 (1975) 545.

For abbreviations of catalogues, see 9.1.1.

For bright galaxies, probably the most widely used system of magnitudes is the B(O) system [81]. B(O) is the integrated magnitude derived from photoelectric or modern photographic magnitudes in the Johnson B system (see 4.2.5.12) or magnitudes transformed to this system. B(O) magnitudes are given for 873 objects in RC1 (= [7] in 9.1.1.3). To incorporate the rich data base of galaxy magnitudes given by Shapley and Ames [247], systematic errors in these so-called Harvard magnitudes, m_H have been investigated in [75, 76, 140]. These magnitudes have been corrected for surface-brightness and luminosity-gradient dependent errors and transformed to the B(O) system as corrected Harvard magnitudes m_c in RC2 (= [8] in 9.1.1.3). A comprehensive source list of B magnitudes is given in RC1 (Table 10) and RC2 (Tables 10 and 11), but some of the more important individual sources of magnitudes of galaxies in the UBV system are [22, 23, 78, 79, 80, 81, 87, 234].

For fainter galaxies, the most extensive photometry in the north is that contained in the CGCG (= [52] in 9.1.1.2) and derived from ``schraffierkassette" photographic photometry down to an estimated completeness limit of m = 15.5 mag. The MCG (= [49] in 9.1.1.2) also contains magnitude estimates down to m_pg < 15.0 mag. Remarks on the MCG versus CGCG magnitude scales are found in [178]. Magnitude errors in the CGCG have been investigated in [142, 237] and more extensively by Huchra [143], who shows that the CGCG magnitudes differ by 0.12 mag. per mag with respect to B(O) magnitudes and have a scatter of ~ 0.35 mag; but note the anomaly in Vol. I [117], and see also [9, 11, 35, 180]. In the southern hemisphere the ESO-LV (= [28] in 9.1.1.3) contains photographic B,R photometry for 16,000 galaxies, based on UBVRI photoelectric data from [181, 182, 208].

Aperture photometry for southern E and S0 galaxies [**]; VRI aperture photometry of 115 galaxies [216]; UBVRI aperture photometry for 169 early-type galaxies [217]; UBVRI photometry for 14 central, dominant galaxies in clusters [190]; UBV photometry for 360 objects [272]; UBV aperture photometry for 169 galaxies [233]. 109 galaxies in Virgo designed to serve as photographic B-band photometric standards [24]; UBV photometry of 196 non-Seyfert Markarian galaxies [144]; photographic B-band surface brightness measurements for 1,550 galaxies in Fornax [214]; 693 UBVRI aperture photometry measurements for 91 active galaxies [125]. UBVRIJHK photometry for a complete sample of interacting galaxies [153]; UBV photometry of 36 Markarian and S0 galaxies [213]; UBV photoelectric photometry of 19 nests of galaxies [6].

Photographic and CCD surface photometry of 33 early-type galaxies in Virgo is given in [43]. Digital surface photometry of 20 Virgo galaxies [273]. Other recent compilations of original data include [41, 71, 90, 152, 173, 176, 183, 193, 194, 195]; UBV multi-aperture photometry of 46 Virgo E/S0 galaxies [**]. UBVR surface photometry of 16 LSB galaxies [231]. Surface photometry of NGC 7793, NGC 247 and NGC 300 [47]. V surface photometry for 261 brightest cluster members in 63 clusters [243]. B surface photometry for 69 dwarf ellipticals in Virgo [150]. V photographic surface photometry of 13 bright galaxies in the Fornax cluster [136]; BR CCD photometry of low surface brightness galaxies in Fornax [65]; BVI CCD photometry of Fornax LSB galaxies [33]. UBVR aperture photometry of 107 galaxies and JHK photometry of 80 field, 35 Virgo and 22 Coma galaxies [212]. JHK aperture photometry [1, 2, 32, 112, 221]; UBV photoelectric aperture photometry for 61 galaxies [256]. UBV photometric catalogue of double galaxies [73]; JK surface photometry for 12 bright elliptical galaxies [209]. B-band surface photometry of 18 S0 and E galaxies [40]. Distribution of B luminosity in 26 spiral galaxies [30]. Detailed surface photometry of 6 galaxies [245]. Surface photometry for 131 southern elliptical galaxies [71]. Types, magnitudes and diameters for 220 galaxies in the Hercules supercluster [39].

Extensive compilations of bibliographic references to optical surface photometry of galaxies (complete to January 1985) are given in [68, 210]. BV CCD observations of galaxies in the Coma and Hercules supercluster [114]. ubVr photoelectric photometry for 405 E/S0 galaxies [238]; Gunn r-band CCD photometry of 105 field galaxies [170] with bulge/disk deconvolution [171]; photometric catalog of 463 galaxies in 100 compact groups [132]; optical colors of early-type galaxies in compact groups [281]; multiwavelength isophotal data for southern ellipticals [254]; VRI CCD photometry of 9 early-type galaxies in Virgo [19]; UBVRI photometry for 80 compact galaxies [198]; optical B(CCD) and infrared (JHK) follow-up studies on 23 IRAS mini-survey galaxies [199, 200].

Radio continuum (20cm) maps: early-type and late-type galaxies [115a]; all spirals with B_T < 12 mag [57]; all spirals with H-band observations [58]; the IRAS Bright Galaxy Sample [59].

Sources of infrared surface photometry (e.g., [4, 261]) can be found in ``A Catalogue of Visual and Infrared Photometry of Galaxies from 0.5 µm to 10 µm (1961-1985)'' [74] or gleaned from The Catalog of Infrared Observations [115]. IRAS fluxes of galaxies can be obtained in the CGQ and in [46, 252, 279] for the IRAS bright-galaxy sample, and in [253] for IRAS mini-survey galaxies; for 196 Virgo galaxies [131]. A catalogue of radio, optical and infrared observations of spiral galaxies in clusters [31]; optical CCD images and spectroscopy for a sample of 62 extreme IRAS galaxies [271]; near-infrared imaging survey of interacting galaxies [240]; JHK mapping of NGC 2841 [218] and NGC 2403 [49].

Integrated H photometry is available from [113, 168, 169] H/NII survey of a complete sample of 93 spiral galaxies [166]; an optical and radio survey of 88 galaxies with B_T < 12.0 mag and > +40° [128]; spectrophotometric survey of 104 Seyfert galaxies [111].

While UV surface photometry [177] is still very scarce, integrated UV fluxes are available from OAO-2 [53, 54], the ANS satellite [56, 69, 151, 259, 276, 277], and from the ASTRON mission [192]; as well as from sounding rockets [26, 27, 48, 134, 250, 251, 255] and balloons [72, 93, 197]. Far UV photographs of M51, M81, M82, M100, M101, M106 [25]; 2000-Angstrom data for 149 spiral and irregular galaxies [92]; IUE spectra for 5 isolated galaxies [38].

X-ray fluxes of galaxies can be found in [42, 94, 98, 100, 107, 187] while an x-ray catalogue and atlas for 493 galaxies has been published by [99]; x-ray measurements for 334 active galaxies and nuclei [70].

Asymptotic/Total Magnitudes, B(total)

In order to transform aperture-photometry of galaxies out to ``infinite" radius (or zero surface brightness) magnitude-aperture curves for various galaxy types are given in RC2 (= [8] in 9.1.1.3). These curves were derived from published standard total magnitudes [3, 8, 20, 21, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 110] and applied to the data in RC2. A General Catalogue of Photoelectric Magnitudes and Colors in the UBV System of 3,578 Galaxies Brighter than 16th mag has been compiled by Longo, G. and de Vaucouleurs, A.: [189] complete to 1982.

Isophotal Major-Axis Diameters

Redman [222] suggested that galaxy diameters should be operationally defined by the µ_B(B) = 25.0 mag/arcsec² isophote. This corresponds to a surface brightness about one-tenth of the night-sky brightness and is very nearly the maximum detectable diameter on blue prints of the POSS (= [53] in 9.1.1.1). Holmberg [140], however, chose to define his diameters at a few percent of the sky brightness, µ_pg 26.5 mag/arcsec². The choice is arbitrary, but as fainter isophotal diameters are chosen the constraints on the data become more demanding and, as a result, the diameters in general are probably less well defined.

Major sources for diameters of galaxies are [75, 138, 140, 186, 223, 246, 247, 224, 270] and others as listed in Table 8 of RC1 (= [7] in 9.1.1.3) and Table 5 of RC3. In addition, diameters are listed in the Atlas de Galaxias Australes (= [41] in 9.1.1.5.2) UGC (= [35] in 9.1.1.2; but see also 109) UGCA (= [36] in 9.1.1.2) MCG (= [49] in 9.1.1.2; but see also 109) ESO (= [27; but see also [109, 205] in 9.1.1.1) ESO-LV (= [28] in 9.1.1.3) SGC (= [6] in 9.1.1.2) VCC (= [3] in 9.1.1.2) and KUG (= [182, 183] in 9.1.3.4.5) which in turn have been transformed to a standard diameter, D₂₅, in RC2 and RC3 ([9] in 9.1.1.3). Standard diameters for 237 galaxies measured at 25 and 26.5 mag/square arcsec [183], revised and up-dated to include 608 standard photometric diameters [204] as well as many transformation equations for other studies, based on [39, 45, 66, 194, 211] cluster spirals [60]; see also Kallogyan's study [155, 156, 157].

Axial Ratios and ``Face-On'' Diameters

The measured apparent major-axis diameter is a function of inclination [75, 76, 139, 278]. Galaxies viewed more edge-on have larger apparent diameters due to finite thickness of the disk resulting in a greater optical path: and thus an increased surface brightness at fixed radius. Corrections to a ``face-on'' isophotal diameter D(0)₂₅ have been investigated [76], revised [129] and applied to galaxies in the RC2 (= [8] in 9.1.1.3). However, see also [266, 267]. Axial ratios, necessary for correcting the diameters, are taken principally from the MCG ([49] in 9.1.1.2), UGC ([35] in 9.1.1.2) or [140], and are transformed to the standard 25 mag/arcsec² isophotal ratio, R₂₅, in RC2 ([8] in 9.1.1.3).

Mean Surface Brightness

The RC2 ([8] in 9.1.1.3) tabulates two average surface brightnesses: M'₂₅, the average surface brightness contained within an ellipse of diameter D₂₅ and axial ratio R₂₅, and M'_e, the average surface brightness within an aperture A_e that contains half of the total light (i.e., containing half of the asymptotic magnitude B_total ). The first definition is relatively straightforward to compute, the latter is more complicated and somewhat model dependent. See also the mean surface brightness study of isolated and double galaxies [5].

In the RC2 ([8] in 9.1.1.3) 959 galaxies have total (B-V) colour indices derived from multi-aperture data; 682 have (U-B) colours listed. These colours have been transformed either from original UBV observations, or from other similar colour systems as enumerated in Table 11 of RC2. Recent UBV photometry for additional galaxies: [37, 61, 122, 124, 212, 274]. A general catalog of photoelectric magnitudes and colors in the UBV system for 3,578 galaxies brighter than 16th mag [189].

IRAS colours of normal galaxies from the CGQ (= [29] in 9.1.1.3) are discussed in [130]; for UGC galaxies in [34]; for normal irregular galaxies in [147]; and for the IRAS bright-galaxy sample [252] by [46].

UV magnitudes and colours for 156 galaxies observed by the IUE satellite have been presented by [188], while data for other investigations have been summarized in [44, 92, 276]; 1910-Angstrom colours and magnitudes [91]. 25 very red [(B-V) > 0.7 mag], yet HI rich (log(M_HI)/L_B > -0.6), spiral galaxies [36].

Stromberg's original list [258] of optical radial velocities contained 41 galaxies. Some forty years later optical redshifts for 583 galaxies were published [146]. In the RC1 and RC2 ([7,8] in 9.1.1.3) some 280 references to sources of optical velocity data are listed (Tables 12 and 13, respectively), with an additional 538 references to optical redshifts being found in RC3 ([9] in 9.1.1.3). Velocity data is no longer restricted to the optical measurements but includes derivations from 21-cm radio observations (see for instance [148, 262], Table V2 in RC2, and 209 references to radio wavelength redshifts in RC3, complete to 1987); corrections for errors in redshifts [232]

A major compilation [206] contains redshifts and original references for 8,250 galaxies, complete to 1980 and supersedes [121]; cross-correlation redshifts are discussed for 59 galaxies in [167]; redshifts for 115 galaxies [248]; a study of a complete sample of field galaxies [174]; data for 1093 galaxies with m_pg < 15.5 mag in a 6 degree strip across the North Galactic Cap [145]; the southern sky redshift survey [63]; radial velocities for 301 pairs of galaxies [158]; 44 galaxies in Perseus [106]; 359 galaxies in Abell clusters [280]; 285 galaxies observed for bulge-to-disk ratio estimates [241]; IRAS galaxies in the Bootes Void area [268]; a deep survey of 280 galaxies [175]; deep survey of IRAS galaxies towards the Bootes Void [89]; 5 suspected superclusters [53]; s-type Markarian galaxies [149]; multi-object spectroscopy of galaxies in Abell 400, 576, 1767 and 2124 [135]; 102 dwarf galaxies [96]; 75 galaxies in Abell 2256 [172]; 387 southern compact and bright-nuclei galaxies [102, 103]; 84 brightest Abell cluster galaxies [242]; 100 galaxies in 10 clusters [219]; 161 galaxies in 11 clusters [101]; 71 galaxies in the Indus region [62]; galaxies in Abell 496 and 2052 [220]; Tololo emission-line galaxies [28]; 298 late-type galaxies in the Virgo Cluster [137]; 155 galaxies in the winter Galactic Plane [196]; 135 galaxies in the Virgo region [97]; 472 galaxies in the Pisces-Perseus supercluster [120]; 100 galaxies in the Coma Cluster [263]; high-precision 21cm redshifts for 625 galaxies [264]; low surface brightness objects [244]; 150 galaxies in the Hercules supercluster [260]; 123 galaxies in the Cancer cluster [12]; 83 galaxies in poor cD clusters [18]; 21cm velocities for 440 galaxies betwen the Local supercluster and the Hydra-Centaurus supercluster [228]; 71 galaxies in the Hydra I (Abell 1060) cluster [229]; 469 elliptical galaxies [67]; 342 galaxies toward the Bootes Void [257]; 88 image-tube spectra of 79 galaxies [165]; flux-limited sample of 72 IRAS galaxies [249]; 21cm velocities for 342 out of 415 galaxies, and 383 galaxies observed in the Pisces-Perseus supercluster [118, 119, 127]; 228 southern galaxies [64]; Medium Sensitivity Survey X-ray sources [116]; several hundred spiral galaxies in 10 clusters [31]; 21cm redshifts for 324 isolated galaxies [126]; 26 galaxies in the direction of the Coma/Abell 1367 supercluster [123]; 92 galaxies in the direction of the Coma cluster [265]; flux-limited sample of IRAS galaxies [269]; 129 galaxies in groups and clusters [51]; approximately 40 galaxy redshifts in each of 14 rich clusters [55]; 1,268 radial velocities in 15 rich clusters [95]; 157 galaxies in 54 triplets [161]; galaxies in the Horologium region [52]; 559 Selected Area 94 objects [17]; 719 bright galaxies [235]; 21cm observations of 1787 nearby galaxies [105]; 21cm observations for 183 galaxies [262]; 164 field galaxies brighter than B ~ 15.5 mag [174]; 90 IRAS galaxies [133]; 172 central galaxies and companions [7]; 530 IRAS galaxies [184]; 70 peculiar objects [191]; redshifts in Klemola 27 [225]; 21cm observations for galaxies in the Pegasus I cluster [226]; 156 binary systems [275]; 145 blue Zwicky compact galaxies [179]; 160 galaxies in Abell 194 [50]; 289 galaxies in Abell 539 [201]; 107 southern galaxies [207]; 266 galaxies in the Hydra-Centaurus region [104]; the Fornax clsuter [154, 227]; 300 galaxies in a strip crossing the Coma cluster [160]; galaxies with supernovae [13, 14, 15, 16]; compilation of double galaxy redshifts [215]; radial velocities of isolated galaxies [162]; 39 peculiar ESO galaxies [29]; redshifts for Karachensteva isolated galaxies [163], and for Karachentsev isolated triples [164]; radial velocities for 21 interacting double galaxies [159]; Zwicky compact galaxies [239].

Accidental and systematic errors in various sets of velocity measurements are discussed in [10, 86, 141, 185, 203, 230, 232]. A total of 2,713 velocities are reduced to a standard system in RC2; this was increased to 16,693 in RC3.

Corrections for the Solar Motion:

Radial velocities, V, when referred to the Galactic centre, must be corrected for the orbital motion of the Sun. Most researchers in the field (e.g., [236] or RC2) adopt the standard correction of

        V = 300sinl x cosb kms^-1

where it is assumed that the Sun is moving at 300 km s^-1 toward l = 90 , b = 0, which is in good agreement with the estimate of V = (315 ± 15) km s^-1 toward l = 95, b = -8 for the Local Group velocity centroid [88]. For definition of Galactic coordinates l and b, see 8.*.*.*

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