Bibliography
The literature about dark matter is really copious. Some reviews have
been particularly useful in preparing this one, such as those by
Trimble (1982)
"Existence of dark matter in the Universe",
Ashman (1992)
"Dark matter in galaxies",
Bosma (1998)
"Dark matter in disk galaxies",
Fich and Tremaine (1991)
"The mass of the Galaxy"
and those appeared in the book "Dark and visible matter in
galaxies" (1997), as those by
Salucci and Persic (1997)
"Dark matter halos around galaxies",
Pfenniger (1997)
"Galactic Dynamics and the nature of dark matter",
Frenk et al. (1997)
"Numerical and analytical modelling of galaxy formation and evolution",
Navarro (1997)
"Cosmological constraints from rotation curves of disk
galaxies" and others. The whole book was decisive to prepare this
review, as it is a recent complete and updated compilation by many
workers on the field. The PhD theses of
Begeman (1987)
"HI rotation curves of spiral galaxies",
Broeils (1992)
"Dark and visible matter in spiral galaxies" and
Swaters (1999)
"Dark matter in late-type dwarf
irregulars" were also special sources of information. For the section
devoted to magnetic fields, some reviews were specially detachable:
those by
Kronberg (1994)
"Extragalactic magnetic fields",
Lesch and Chiba (1997)
"On the origin and evolution of galactic magnetic fields", and
Vallée (1997)
"Observations of the magnetic fields
inside and outside the Milky Way", starting with globules ( 1
parsec), filaments, clouds, superbubbles, spiral arms, galaxies,
superclusters, and ending with the cosmological Universe's Background
Surface (at 8 Teraparsec).
Aaronson, M.
(1983), Astrophys. J. 266, L11
Adams, J., Danielson, U.H., Grasso, D. and Rubinstein, H.R.
(1996), Phys. Lett. B 388, 253
Alcock, C. et al.
(1993), Nature 365, 621
Alderberger, K., Steidel, C.C., Giavalisco, M., Dickinson, M.,
Pettini, M. and Kellog, M.
(1998), Astrophys. J. 505, 18
Andredakis, Y.C., Peletier, R. and Balcells, M.
(1995), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc.
275, 874
Aparicio, A., Dalcanton, J., Gallart, C. and Martínez-Delgado, D.
(1997), Astron. J. 114, 1447
Ashman, K.M.
(1992), PASP 104, 409
Athanassoula, E., Makino, J. and Bosma, A.
(1997), Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc.
286, 825
Atrio-Barandela, F., Einasto, J., Gottlöber, S., Müller,
V. and Starobinsky, A.
(1997), J. Exper. Theor. Phys. 66, 397
Aubourg, E. et al.
(1993), Nature 365, 623
Avila-Reese, V., Firmani, C. and Hernandez, X.
(1998), Astrophys. J. 505, 37
Avila-Reese, V., Firmani, C., Klypin, A. and Kravtsov, A.V.
(1999), Mon. Not. Royal Astr. Soc. 310, 527
Babcock, H.W.
(1939), Lick Obs. Bull. 19, 41
Bahcall, J.N. and Casertano, S.
(1985), Astrophys. J. 293, L7
Bahcall, N.A., Lubin, L.M. and Dorman, V.
(1995), Astrophys. J. 447, L81
Barnes, J.E. (1987), in
Nearly normal galaxies. From the Planck
time to the present, Proc. 8th Santa Cruz Summer Workshop in
A&A. Springer Verlag, p. 154
Barnes, J.E.
(1989), Nature 338, 123
Barnes, J. and White, S.D.M.
(1984), Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 211, 753
Barrow, J.D.
(1976), Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 175, 339
Barrow, J.D., Ferreira, P.G. and Silk, J. (1977),
astro-ph/9701063
Barteldrees, A. and Dettmar, R.J.
(1994), Astrophys. J. 427, 155
Batchelor, G.K.
(1950), in Proc. R. Soc. London 201, 405
Battaner, E. (1995), inE. Alfaro and G. Tenorio-Tagle (Eds.),
The formation of the Milky Way,
Cambridge University Press
Battaner, E.
(1996), Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge
Univ. Press
Battaner, E.
(1998), Astron. Astrophys. 334, 770
Battaner, E. and Florido, E.
(1995), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc.
277, 1129
Battaner, E. and Florido, E. (1997), in T.A. Agekian, A.A. Mullari and
V. Orlov. (Eds.),
Structure and evolution of
stellar systems, S. Petersburgh Univ. Press
Battaner, E. and Florido, E.
(1998), Astron. Astrophys. 338,
383
Battaner, E., Florido, E. and García-Ruiz, J.M.
(1997), Astron. Astrophys. 327, 8
Battaner, E., Florido, E. and Jiménez-Vicente, J.
(1997), Astron. Astrophys. 326, 13
Battaner, E., Florido, E., Sánchez-Saavedra, M.L.
(1990), Astron. Astrophys. 236, 1
Battaner, E., Florido, E. and Sánchez-Saavedra, M.L. (1991), in
S. Casertano, P. Sackett and F. Briggs (Eds.),
Warped disks and inclined rings around galaxies,
Cambridge University Press
Battaner, E., Garrido, J.L., Membrado, M. and Florido, E.
(1992), Nature 360, 652
Battaner, E., Garrido, J.L., Sánchez-Saavedra, M.L. and Florido, E.
(1991), Astron. Astrophys. 251,
402
Battaner, E., Jiménez-Vicente, J.
(1998), Astron. Astrophys. 332, 809
Battaner, E. and Lesch, H. (2000), in preparation
Battaner, E., Lesch, H. and Florido, E.
(1999), An. Física 94, 98
Baugh, C.M., Benson, A.J., Cole, S., Frenk, C.S. and Lacey, C.G.
(1999), Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc.
305, L21
Baugh, C.M., Cole, S., Frenk, C.S. and Lacey, C.G.
(1998), Astrophys. J. 498, 504
Baym, G., Boedecker, D. and McLerran, L.
(1996), Phys. Rev. D 53, 662
Beck, R.
(1982), Astron. Astrophys. 106,
121
Beck, R., Carilli, C.L., Holdaway, M.A. and Klein, U.
(1994), Astron. Astrophys. 292,
409
Begeman, K.
(1987), Ph. Thesis, univ. Groningen
Begeman, K.G., Broeils, A.H. and Sanders, R.H.
(1991), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc.
249, 523
Becquaert, J.F. and Combes, F.
(1997), Astron. Astrophys. 325,
41
Benson, A.J., Cole, S., Frenk, C.S., Baugh, C.M. and Lacey, C.G. (1999),
astro-ph/9903343
Bertschinger, E.
(1998), Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 36, 599
Bertin, G., Saglia, R.P. and Stiavelli, M.
(1992), Astrophys. J. 384, 427
Bertin, G. and Stavielli, M.
(1993), Rep. Prog. Phys. 56, 493
Bertin, G. et al.
(1994), Astron. Astrophys. 292,
381
Bertola, F., Pizella, A., Persic, M. and Salucci, P.
(1993), Astrophys. J. 416, 248
Biermann, L.
(1950), Zeit. Naturforschung 5a, 65
Biermann, L. and Schluter, A.
(1951), Phys. Rev. 82, 863
de Block, W.J.G. and McGaugh, S.S.
(1998), Astroph. J. 508, 132D
Binney, J. (1991), in B. Sundelius (Ed.),
Dynamics of disk galaxies, p. 297,Göteborg
Binney, J.
(1992), Nature 360, 624
Binney, J.
(1992), Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 30, 51
Binney, J.J., Davies, R.L. and Illingworth, G.D.
(1990), Astrophys. J. 361, 78
Binney, J.J. and Cowie, L.L.
(1981), Astrophys. J. 247, 464
Binney, J. and Tremaine, S.
(1987), Galactic Dynamics, Princeton Univ. Press
Blumenthal, G.R., Faber, S.M., Flores, R. and Primack, J.R.
(1986), Astrophys. J. 301, 27
Bosma, A.
(1978), Phy. D. Thesis, Univ. of Groningen
Bosma, A.
(1981a), Astron. J. 86, 1791
Bosma, A.
(1981b), Astron. J. 86, 1825
Bosma, A. (1993), in G. Meylan & P. Prugniel (Eds.),
ESO/ESA Workshop on Dwarf Galaxies p. 187, Garching
Bosma, A. (1998), in
Galaxy Dynamics, Rutgers University, ASP
Conf. Series 182, p. 339
Bradamonte, F., Matteucci, F. and d'Ercole, A.
(1998), Astron. Astrophys. 337,
338
Brandenberger, R.H., Davis, A.C., Matheson, A.M. and Thodden, M.
(1992), Phys. Lett. B 293, 287
Brandenburg, A., Enqvist, K. and Olesen, P.
(1996), Phys. Rev. D 54, 1291
Breimer, T.G. and Sanders, R.H.
(1993), Astron. Astrophys. 274,
96
Breitschwerdt, D. and Komossa, S. (1999),
astro-ph/9908003
Breitschwerdt, D., McKenzie, J.F. and Völk, H.J.
(1991), Astron. Astrophys. 245, 79
Broadhurst, T.J., Ellis, R.S., Koo, D.C., Szalay, A.S.
(1990), Nature 343, 726
Broeils, A.
(1992), Ph. Thesis, univ. Groningen
Broeils, A.H.
(1992), Astron. Astrophys. 256,
19
Broeils, A.H. and Courteau, S. (1997), in M. Persic and P. Salucci
(Eds.),Dark and visible matter in Galaxies,
ASP Conference Series 117
Buote, D.A. and Canizares, C.R.
(1998), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc.
298, 811
Burkert, A.
(1997), Astrophys. J. 474, L99
Burton, W.B.
(1976), Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 14, 275
Burton, W.B.
(1992), SAAS-FEE Proc. Springer-Varlag
Carignan, C.
(1985), Astrophys. J. 299, 59
Carignan, C. and Beaulieu, S.
(1989), Astrophys. J. 347, 760
Carignan, C., Charbonneau, P., Boulanger, F. and Viallefond, F.
(1990), Astron. Astrophys. 234,
43
Carignan, C. and Freeman, K.C.
(1988), Astrophys. J. 332, L33
Carignan, C., Sancisi, R. and van Albada, T.S.
(1988), Astron. J. 95, 37
Carollo, C.M., de Zeeuw, P.T., van der Marel, R.P., Danzinger,
I.J. and Qian, E.E.
(1995), Astrophys. J. 441, L25
Casertano, S.
(1983), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc.
203, 735
Casertano, S. and van Gorkom, J.H.
(1991), Astron. J. 101, 1231
Cavaliere, A. and Busco-Femiano, R.
(1976), Astron. Astrophys. 49, 137
Charlton, J.C. and Salpeter, E.E.
(1991), Astrophys. J. 375, 517
Cheng, B. and Olinto, A.
(1994), Phys. Rev. D 50, 2421
Cheng, B., Olinto, A.V., Schramm, D.M. and Truran, J.W. (1997),
preprint Los Alamos Nat. Observatory
Chiba, M. and Lesch, H.
(1994), Astron. Astrophys. 284,
731
Ciardullo, R. and Jacobi, G.H.
(1993), Amer. Astron. Soc. Meet. 182
Ciotti, L., Pellegrini, S., Renzini, A. and D'Ercole, A.
(1991), Astrophys. J. 376, 380
Clemens, D.P.
(1985), Astrophys. J. 295, 422
Cole, S.
(1991), Astrophys. J. 367, 45
Cole, S., Aragón-Salamanca, A., Frenk, C.S., Navarro, J.F. and Zepf,
S.
(1994), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc. 271, 744
Coles, P.
(1992), Comments Astrophys. 16, 45
Colin, P., Klypin, A., Kravtsov, A. and Khokhlov, A.
(1999), Astrophys. J. 523, 32
Combes, F. and Arnaboldi, M.
(1996), Astron. Astrophys. 305,
763
Corbelli, E. and Salucci, P.
(1999), astro-ph/9909252
Côté, S.
(1995), Ph. D. Thesis, Australian Nat. Univ.
Cowie, L.L., Songaila, A., Hu, E.M. and Cohen, J.G.
(1996), Astron. J. 112, 839
Crézé, M., Chereul, E., Bienaymé, O. and Pichon, C.
(1998), Astron. Astrophys. 329, 920
Cuddeford, P. and Binney, J.J.
(1993), Nature 365, 20
Dahlem, M., Dettmar, R.J. and Hummel, E.
(1994), Astron. Astrophys. 290,
384
Danziger, I.J. (1997), in M. Persic and P. Salucci (Eds.),
Dark and visible matter in galaxies, ASP Conf. Series 117,
p. 28
Davidson, S.
(1996), Phys. Lett. B 380, 253
Davies, A.C. and Dimopoulos, K.
(1995), cern-th/95-175
Davis, D.S. and White, R.E. III
(1996), Astrophys. J. 470, L35
Diaferio, A., Geller, M.J. and Ramella, M.
(1994), Astron. J. 107, 868
Diplas, A. and Savage, B.D.
(1991), Astrophys. J. 377, 126
Dolag, K., Bartelmann, M. and Lesch, H.
(1999), astro-ph/9906329
Dolgov, A.D.
(1993), Phys. Rev. D 48, 2499
Dolgov, A.D. and Silk, J.
(1993), Phys. Rev. D 47, 3144
Dubinski, J. and Kuijken, K.
(1995), Astrophys. J. 442, 492
Eilek, J.
(1999), astro-ph/9906485
Einasto, J. et al.
(1997a), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc.
289, 801
Einasto, J. et al.
(1997b), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc.
289, 813
Einasto, J. et al.
(1997c), Nature 385, 139
Einasto, M., Einasto, J., Tago, E., Dalton, G.B. and Andernach, H.
(1994), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc.
269, 301
Eisenstein, D.J., Loeb, A. and Turner, E.L.
(1997), Astrophys. J. 475, 421
Enqvist, K. (1998), in L. Roszkowski (Ed.), COSMO-97, World
Scientific, p. 446
Enqvist, K. and Olesen, P.
(1993), Phys. Lett. B 319, 178
Enqvist, K., Semikoz, V., Shukurov, A. and Sokoloff, D.
(1993), Phys. Rev. D 48, 4557
Fabbiano, G.
(1989), Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 27, 87
Faber, S.M. and Jackson, R.E.
(1976), Astrophys. J. 204, 668
Faber, S.M. and Lin, D.N.C.
(1983), Astrophys. J. 266, L17
Fabian, A.C., Thomas, P.A., Fall, S.M. and White, R.E.
(1986), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc.
221, 1049
Fabricant, D. and Gorenstein, P.
(1983), Astrophys. J. 267, 535
Fabricant, D., Lecar, M. and Gorenstein, P.
(1980), Astrophys. J. 241, 552
Felten, J.E.
(1984), Astrophys. J. 286, 3
Feretti, L., Dallacasa, D., Govoni, F., Giovannini, G., Taylor,
G.B. and Klein, U. (1999),
astro-ph/9902019
Fich, M. and Tremaine, S.
(1991), Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 29, 409
Field, G.B. (1974), in
Stars and Stellar Systems, 9, Chicago Univ. Press
Flores, R., Primack, J.R., Blumenthal, G.R. and Faber, S.M.
(1993), Astrophys. J. 412, 443
Florido, E. and Battaner, E.
(1997), Astron. Astrophys. 327, 1
Ford, H.C., Ciardullo, R., Jacoby, G.H. and Hui, X. (1989), in
S. Torres-Peimbert (Ed.),
Planetary Nebulae, IAU Symp. 131, Kluwer, 335
Forman, W., Jones, C. and Tucker, W.
(1985), Astrophys. J. 293, 102
Freeman, K.C.
(1970), Astrophys. J. 160, 881
Freeman, K.C. (1997), in M. Persic and P. Salucci (Eds.),
Dark and visible matter in Galaxies,
ASP Conference Series 117, 242
Frenk, C.S., Baugh, C.M., Cole, S. and Lacey, C. (1997), in M. Persic
and P. Salucci (Eds.),
Dark and visible matter in Galaxies,
ASP Conference Series 117, 335
Garretson. W.D., Field, G.B. and Carroll, S.M.
(1992), Phys. Rev. D 46, 5346
Gasperini, M., Giovannini, M. and Veneziano, G. (1995a),
cern-th/95-85
Gasperini, M., Giovannini, M. and Veneziano, G. (1995b),
cern-th/95-102
Gasperini, M. and Veneziano, G.
(1993a), Mod. Phys. Lett. A 8, 3701
Gasperini, M. and Veneziano, G.
(1993b), Astropart. Phys. 1, 317
Gerhard, O.E. (1994), in G. Meyan and P. Prugnid (Eds.),
Dwarf Galaxies,
Proc.of the ESO/OHP Workshop, Garching, 335
Gerhard, O.E. and Silk, J.
(1996), Astrophys. J. 472, 34
Gerhard, O.E. and Spergel, D.N.
(1992), Astrophys. J. 397, 38
Glazebrook, K., Ellis, R.S., Colles, M., Broadhurst, T.,
Allington-Smith, J. and Tanvir, N.
(1995), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc.
273, 157
Gobernato, F., Baugh, C.M., Frenk, C.S., Cole, S., Lacey, C.G., Quinn,
T. and Stadel, J.
(1998), Nature 392, 359
Gómez-Flechoso, M.A. and Dominguez-Tenreiro, R. (1997), in
M. Persic and P. Salucci (Eds.),
Dark and visible matter in Galaxies,
ASP Conference Series 117
González-Serrano, I. and Valentijn, E.A.
(1991), Astron. Astrophys. 242,
334
Grasso, D. and Rubinstein, H.R.
(1995), Astropart. Phys. 3, 95
Grasso, D. and Rubinstein, H.R.
(1996), Phys. Lett. B 379, 73
Greenstein, G.
(1980), Nature 233, 938
Gunn, J.E.
(1977), Astrophys. J. 218, 592
Gunn, J. and Gott, J.R.
(1972), Astrophys. J. 176, 1
Han, J.L., Manchester, R.N., Berkhuijsen, E.M. and Beck, R.
(1997), Astron. Astrophys. 322, 98
Han, J.L. and Qiao, G.J.
(1994), Astron. Astrophys. 288, 759
Harrison, E.H.
(1973), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc. 165, 185
Haynes, M.P. and Broeils, A.H. (1997), in J.M. van der Hulst (Ed.),
The interstellar medium in galaxies, Kluwer, p. 75
Hickson, P.
(1982), Astrophys. J. 225, 382
Hirashita, H., Kamaya, H. and Takeuchi, T.T. (1998), in P. Whitelock
and R. Cannon (Eds.),
The stellar content of Local Group Galaxies, IAU
Symp. 192, 28, Cape Town
Hodge, P.W. and Michie, R.W.
(1969), Astron. J. 74, 587
Hofner, P. and Sparke, L.S.
(1994), Astrophys. J. 428, 466
Hogan, C.J.
(1983), Phys. Rev. Lett. 51, 1488
Honma, M. (1999),
astro-ph/9904079
Honma, M. and Kan-Ya, Y.
(1998), Astrophys. J. 503, L139
Honma, M. and Sofue, Y.
(1996), PASJ 48L, 103
Honma, M. and Sofue, Y.
(1997), PASJ 49, 539
Howard, A.M. and Kulsrud, R.M.
(1996), Astrophys. J. 483, 648
Huchra, J. and Brodie, J.
(1987), Astron. J. 93, 779
van der Hulst, J.M., Skillman, E.D., Smith, T.R., Bothun, G.D.,
Humason, M.L., Mayall, N.U. and Sandage, A.R.
(1956), Astron. J. 61, 97
van der Hulst, J.M., Skillman, E.D., Smith, T.R., Bothun, G.D.,
McGaugh, S.S. and de Block, W.J.G.
(1993), Astron. J. 106, 548
Hummel, E., Beck, R. and Dahlem, M.
(1991), Astron. Astrophys. 248,
23
Hummel, E., Dahlem, M., van der Hulst, J.M. and Sukumar, S.
(1991), Astron. Astrophys. 246,
10
Illingworth, G. (1981), in S.M. Fall and D. Lynden-Bell (Eds.),
The structure of Normal Galaxies, Cambridge Univ. Press, 27
Innanen, K.A., Harris, W.E. and Webbink, R.F.
(1983), Astron. J. 88, 338
Jedamzik, K., Katalinic, V. and Olinto, A.
(1996), astro-ph/9606080
Jenkins, A. et al. (1997), in M. Persic and P. Salucci (Eds.),
Dark and visible matter in Galaxies,
ASP Conference Series 117
Jiménez-Vicente, J., Battaner, E., Rozas, M., Castañeda, H. and
Porcel, C.
(1999), Astron. Astrophys. 342,
417
Jones, C. and Forman, W.
(1994), AIP Conference Proc. 331, 129
Kahn, F.D.
(1994), Astrophy. Space Sci. 216, 325
Kahn, F.D. and Woltjer, L.
(1959), Astrophys. J. 130, 705
Kalnajs, A. (1983), in E. Athanassoula (Ed.),
Internal Kinematics and Dynamics of Galaxies, IAU
Symp. 100, 87, Dordrecht
Karachentsev, I.D.
(1983), Soviet Astron. Letters 9,
36
Karachentsev, I.D.
(1985), Soviet Astron. Letters 29, 243
Karachentsev, I.D.
(1996), Astron. Astrophys. 305,
33
Katz, N. and White, S.D.M.
(1993), Astrophys. J. 412, 455
Kauffmann, G., Guiderdoni, B. and White, S.D.M.
(1994), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc.
267, 981
Kay, S.T. et al. (1999),
astro-ph/9908107
Kent, S.
(1986), Astron. J. 91, 1301
Kent, S.M. (1990), in R.G. Kron (Ed.),
Evolution of the Universe of
Galaxies, ASP Conference Series, 10, 109, Brigham Young Univ.
Kerr, F.J., Hindman, J.V. and Robinson, B.J.
(1954), Ann. J. Phys. 7, 297
Kerr, F.J. and de Vaucouleurs, G.
(1955), Ann. J. Phys. 8, 508
Kibble, T.W.D. and Vilenkin, A.
(1995), Phys. Rev. D 52, 1995
Killeen, N.E.B.
(1995), Pub. Astron. Soc. Australia 12, 124
Kim, E., Olinto, A. and Rosner, R.
(1996), Astrophys. J. 468, 28
Klessen, R.S. and Kroupa, P.
(1998), Astrophys. J. 498, 143
Kochanek, C.
(1995), Astrophys. J. 445, 559
Kolb, E.W. and Turner, M.S. (1990),
The Early Universe, Addison-Wesley Pub.
Kormendy, J. and Freeman, K.C.
(1998), American Astron. Soc. Meeting 193
Kosowsky, A. and Loeb, A.
(1997), Astrophys. J. 469, 1
Kronberg, P.P.
(1994), Reports on Progress in Physics 57,
325
Kronberg, P.P.
(1995), Nature 374, 404
Kronberg, P.P., Lesch, H. and Hopp, U.
(1998), American Astron. Soc. Meeting 193,
85.05
Kronberg, P.P. and Perry, J.J.
(1982), Astrophys. J. 263, 518
Kronberg, P.P., Perry, J.J. and Zukowski, E.L.H.
(1992), Astrophys. J. 387, 528
Kronberg, P.P. and Simard-Normandin, M.
(1976), Nature 263, 653
Kroupa, P.
(1997), New Astronomy 2, 139
Kuhn, J.R. and Miller, R.H.
(1989), Astrophys. J. 341, L41
Kuijken, K. (1997), in M. Persic and P. Salucci (Eds.),
Dark and visible matter in Galaxies,
ASP Conference Series 117
Kulessa, A.S. and Lynden-Bell, D.
(1992), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc. 225, 105
Kulsrud, R. (1986), Proc. Joint Varenna-Abastumani Int. School &
Workshop on Plasma Astrophys.
Kulsrud, R. and Anderson, S.W.
(1992), Astrophys. J. 396, 606
Kulsrud, R.M., Cowley, S.C., Gruzinov, A.V. and Sudan, R.N.
(1997), Phys. Rep. 283, 213
Lacey, C.G. and Cole, S.
(1993), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc.
262, 627
Lake, G. and Schommer, R.A.
(1984), Astrophys. J. 279, L19
Landy, S.D. et al
(1996), Astrophys. J. 456, L1
Larson, R.B.
(1974), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc. 169, 229
Larson, R.B.
(1976), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc. 176, 31
Lee, S., Olinto, A. and Siegl, G.
(1995), Astrophys. J. Lett. 455,
L21
Lemoine, D. and Lemoine, M.
(1995), Phys. Rev. D 52, 1995
Lequeux, J., Allen, R.J. and Guilloteau, S.
(1993), Astron. Astrophys. 280,
L23
Lesch, H. and Birk, G.T.
(1998), Phys. Plasmas 5, 2773
Lesch, H. and Chiba, M.
(1995), Astron. Astrophys. 297,
305
Lesch, H. and Chiba, M.
(1997), Fundamentals of Cosmic Physics 18,
273
Lifshitz, E.M.
(1946), J. Phys. USSR 10, 116
Lindner, U. et al.
(1996), Astron. Astrophys. 314, 1
Lisenfeld, U. (2000), Personal communication
Lisenfeld, U., Alexander, P., Pooley, G.G. and Wilding, T.
(1996), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc.
281, 301
Little, B. and Tremaine, S.
(1991), Astrophys. J. 320, 493
Loewenstein, M. and White, R. (1999),
astro-ph/9901242
López-Corredoira, M., Beckman, J.E., Casuso, E. (1999), to be
published in Astron. Astrophys.,
astro-ph/9909389
Loveday, J., Peterson, B.A., Efstathiou, G. and Maddox, S.J.
(1992), Astrophys. J. 390, 338
Lynden-Bell, D. (1983),
Kinematics, Dynamics and Structure of the
Milky Way, Reidel Pub. Co. Dordrecht
Lynden-Bell, D., Cannon, R.D. and Godwin, P.J.
(1983), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc. 204, 87
Magueijo, J.C.R.
(1994), Phys. Rev. D 49, 671
Maller, A.H., Simard, L., Guhathakurta, P., Hjorth, J., Jaunsen, A.O.,
Flores, R.A. and Primack, J.R. (1999),
astro-ph/9910207
Mamon, G.A. (1995), in O.G. Richter and K. Borne (Eds.),
Groups of galaxies, ASP Conf. Ser. 70, p. 83
van der Marel, R.P., Binney, J.J. and Davies, R.L.
(1990), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc. 245, 582
Maoz, D. and Rix, H.W.
(1993), Astrophys. J. 416, 425
Martínez-Delgado, D.
(1999), Ph. D. Thesis, Univ. de La Laguna
Marzke, R.O., Huchra, J.P. and Geller, M.J.
(1994), Astrophys. J. 428, 43
Mateo, M. (1994), in G. Meyan and P. Prugnid (Eds.),
Dwarf Galaxies,
Proc.of the ESO/OHP Workshop, Garching, 309
Mateo, M. (1997), in M. Arnaboldi, G.S. da Costa and P. Saha (Eds.),
The nature of elliptical galaxies, 259. ASP Conf. Series
116
Mateo, M. et al. (1992), in B. Barbury and A. Renzini (Eds.),
The stellar population of galaxies, IAU
149, Kluwer
Matese, J.J. and O'Connell, R.F.
(1970), Astrophys. J. 160, 451
Mathewson, D.S., Ford, V.L. and Buckhorn, M.
1992, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser.
81, 413
Matsuda, T., Sato, H. and Takeda, H.
(1971), Pub. Astr. Soc. Japan 43, 1
Matsushita, K.
(1997), Ph. D. Thesis. University of Kyoto
Matteucci, F.
(1992), Astrophys. J. 397, 32
McGaugh, S.S. and de Block, W.J.G.
(1993), Astron. J. 103, 548
Merrifield, M.R.
(1992), Astron. J. 103, 1552
Meurer, G.R., Staveley-Smith, L. and Killeen, N.E.B.
(1998), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc.
300, 705
Milgrom, M.
(1983a), Astrophys. J. 270, 365
Milgrom, M.
(1983b), Astrophys. J. 270, 371
Milgrom, M.
(1983c), Astrophys. J. 270, 384
Milgrom, M.
(1995), Astrophys. J. 455, 439
Milgrom, M.
(1997), Astrophys. J. 478, 7
Milgron, M.
(1999), astro-ph/9805346
Mishustin, I.N. and Ruzmaikin, A.A.
(1973), Sov. Phys. JETP 34, 233
Moore, B., Ghigna, S., Governato, F., Lake, G., Quinn, T., Stadel,
J. and Tozzi, P. (1999), to be published in Astrophys. J.,
astro-ph/9907411
More, B.
(1996), Astrophys. J. 461, L13
Mould, J.R., Oke, J.B., de Zeeuw, P.T. and Nemec, J.M.
(1990), Astron. J. 99, 1823
Mushotzky, R.F., Loewenstein, M., Awaki, H., Makishima, K.,
Matsushita, K. and Matsumoto, H.
(1994), Astrophys. J. 436, L79
Navarro, J.F. (1998),
astro-ph/9807084
Navarro, J.F., Frenk, C.S. and White, S.D.M.
(1996), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc. 275, 56
Navarro, J.F., Frenk, C.S. and White, S.D.M.
(1997), Astrophys. J. 462, 563
Navarro, J.F. and Steinmetz, M. (1999),
astro-ph/9908114
Navarro, J.F. and White, S.D.M.
(1993), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc. 262, 271
Nelson, A.H.
(1988), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc.
233, 115
Nelson, R.W. and Tremaine, S.
(1995), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc.
275, 897
New, K.C.B., Tohline, J.E., Frank, J. and Väth, H.M.
(1998), Astrophys. J. 503, 632
Olesen, P. (1997), in
NATO advanced research workshop on Theoretical
Physics, Zakopane, Poland
Olling, R.R.
(1996), Astron. J. 112, 480
Olling, R.P. and Merrifield, M.R. (1997), in D. Zaritzky (Ed.),
Galaxy Halos, ASP 136
Oort, J.H.
(1960), Bull. Astron. Inst. Netherland 15,
45
Oort, J.H. (1965), in A. Blaauw and M. Schmidt (Eds.),
Galactic structure, Univ. Chicago Press, p. 455
Ostriker, J.P.
(1993), Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 31,
689
Ostriker, J.P. and Peebles, P.J.E.
(1973), Astrophys. J. 186, 467
Pacholczyk, A.G.
(1970), Radio Astrophysics, W.H. Freeman Co.,
San Francisco
de Paolis, F., Ingrosso, G., Jetzer, Ph. and Roucadelli, M.
(1995), Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 14
de Paolis, F., Ingrosso, G., Jetzer, Ph. and Roucadelli, M. (1997), in
M. Persic and P. Salucci (Eds.),
Dark and visible matter in Galaxies,
ASP Conference Series 117, 240
de Paolis, F., Ingrosso, G. and Strafella, F.
(1995), Astrophys. J. 438, 83
Peebles, P.J.E.
(1965), Astrophys. J. 142, 1317
Peebles. P.J.E.
(1974), Astrophys. J. 189, L54
Peebles, P.J.E.
(1982), Astrophys. J. 263, L1
Perley, R.A. and Taylor, G.B.
(1991), Astron. J. 101, 1623
Perlmutter, S., Turner, M.S. and White, M.
(1999), astro-ph/9901052
Perlmutter, S. et al.
(1999), Astrophys. J. 517, 565
Perea, J. et al. (1999), in M. Valtonen and C. Flynn (Eds.),
Small galaxy Groups, ASP Conf. Ser.
Persic, M. and Salucci, P.
(1988), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc.
234, 131
Persic, M. and Salucci, P.
(1990), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc. 245, 577
Persic, M. and Salucci, P.
(1993), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc. 261, L21
Persic, M. and Salucci, P.
(1995), Astrophys. J. Supp. Ser.
99, 501
Persic, M., Salucci, P. and Stel, F.
(1996), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc.
281, 27
Peterson, R.C. and Latham, D.W.
(1989), Astrophys. J. 336, 178
Petrovskaya, I.V.
(1987), Pub. Astron. Inst. Czechoslovak, Acad. Sciences
69, 307
Pfenniger, D. (1997), in M. Persic and P. Salucci (Eds.),
Dark and visible matter in Galaxies,
ASP Conference Series 117
Pfenniger, D. and Combes, F.
(1994), Astron. Astrophys. 285,
94
Pfenniger, D., Combes, F. and Martinet, L.
(1994), Astron. Astrophys. 285,
79
Piddington, J.H. (1969),
Cosmic Electrodynamics, Wiley Interscience, New York
Pignatelli, E. and Galletta, G. (1997), in M. Persic and P. Salucci
(Eds.),
Dark and visible matter in Galaxies, ASP Conference Series 117
Plaga, R.
(1995), Nature 374, 430
Ponman, T.J. and Bertram, D.
(1993), Nature 363, 51
Porcel, C., Battaner, E. and Jiménez-Vicente, J.
(1997), Astron. Astrophys. 322, 103
Postman, M., Lauer, T.R., Szapudi, I. and Oegerle, W.
(1998), Astrophys. J. 506, 33
Press, W.H. and Schechter, P.
(1974), Astrophys. J. 187, 425
Pryor, C.T. (1998), in D.R. Merritt, M. Valluri and J.A. Sellwood
(Eds.), Galaxy Dynamics, Rutgers Univ. Pub.
Qin, B., Wu, X.P. and Zou, Z.L.
(1995), Astron. Astrophys. 296, 264
Quashnock, J.M., Loeb, A. and Spergel, D.N.
(1989), Astrophys. J. 344, L49
Quashnock, J.M., van den Berk, D.E. and York, D.G.
(1996), Astrophys. J. 472, L69
Ratra, B.
(1992), Astrophys. J. 391, L1
Rausher et al. (1997), in M. Persic and P. Salucci (Eds.),
Dark and visible matter in Galaxies,
ASP Conference Series 117
Rees, M.J.
(1987), Q. Jl. R. astr. Soc. 28, 197
Rees, M.J. and Reinhardt, M.
(1972), Astron. Astrophys. 19, 104
Retzlaff, J., Borgani, S., Gottloeber, S. and Mueller, V. (1998),
astro-ph/9709044
Reuter, H.P., Klein, U., Lesch, H., Wielebinski, R. and Kronberg, P.P.
(1992), Astron. Astrophys. 256,
10
Richstone, D.O. and Tremaine, S.
(1986), Astron. J. 92, 72
del Rio, M.S., Brinks, E., Carral, P. and Cepa, J. (1999), in J. Cepa
and P. Carral (Eds.),
Star formation in early-type galaxies, ASP 163, 95
Rix, H.W. and Zaritsky, D.
(1995), Astrophys. J. 447, 82
Rodrigo-Blanco, C. and Pérez-Mercader, J.
(1998), Astron. Astrophys. 330,
474
Rubin, V.C., Burstein, D., Ford, W.K. and Thonnard, N.
(1985), Astrophys. J. 289, 81
Rubin, V.C., Ford, W.K. and Thonnard, N.
(1980), Astrophys. J. 238, 471
Rubin, V.C., Waterman, A.H. and Kenney, J.D.P. (1999),
astro-ph/9904050
Ruzmaikin, A.A., Shukurov, A.M. and Sokoloff, D.D. (1988),
Magnetic Fields of Galaxies, Kluwer Ac. Press. Dordrecht
Ruzmaikin, A.A., Sokoloff, D. and Shukurov, A.M.
(1989), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc.
241, 1
Sackett, P.D. (1999) in D. Merrit, J.A. Sellwood and M. Valluri
(Eds.), Galaxy Dynamics, ASP
Sackett, P.D., Morrison, H.L., Harding, P. and Boronson, T.A.
(1994), Nature 370, 441
Saglia, R.P., Bertin, G. and Stiavelli, M.
(1992), Astrophys. J. 384, 433
Saglia, R.P. et al
(1993), Astrophys. J. 403, 567
Salucci, P. and Frenk, C.S.
(1989), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc.
237, 247
Salucci, P. and Persic, M. (1997), in M. Persic and P. Salucci (Eds.),
Dark and visible matter in Galaxies,
ASP Conference Series 117, 1
Salvador-Solé, E., Solanes, J.M. and Manrique, A.
(1998), Astrophys. J. 499, 542
Sanchez-Salcedo, F.J. and Javier, F.
(1996), Astrophys. J. 467, L21
Sandage, A. (1961),
The Hubble Atlas of Galaxies, Carnegie
Institution of Washington
Sanders, R.H.
(1990), Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 2, 1
Sanders, R.H.
(1996), Astrophys. J. 473, 117
Sanders, R.H.
(1998), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc. 296, 1009
Sanders, R.H. and Verheijen, M.A.W.
(1998), Astrophys. J. 503, 97
Sanders, R.H.
(1999), Astrophys. J. 512, L23
Schmidt, M.
(1965), in A. Blaauw and M. Schmidt (Eds.), Galactic Structure,
p. 513, Chicago Univ. Press
Schramm, D.N.
(1992), Nuclear Phys. B, 28A, 243
Schweizer, F., van Gorkom, J.H. and Seitzer, P.
(1989), Astrophys. J. 338, 770
Schweizer, F., Whitmore, B.C. and Rubin, V.C.
(1983), Astron. J. 88, 909
Schweizer, L.Y.
(1987), Astrophys. J. Suppl. 64,
427
Sellwood, J.A.
(1985), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc. 217, 127
Sensui, T., Funato, Y. and Makino, J. (1999),
astro-ph/9906263
Shapiro, P.R. and Field, G.B.
(1976), Astrophys. J. 205, 762
Shapiro, S.L. and Wasserman, I.
(1981), Nature 289, 657
Sharp, N.A.
(1990), Astrophys. J. 354, 418
Shu, F.H. (1982),
The Physical Universe: An Introduction to
Astronomy, Univ. Science Books, Mill Valley, California
Silk, J.
(1968), Astrophys. J. 151, 459
Sofue, Y. (1999) in F. Combes, G.A. Mamon and V. Charmandaris (Eds.),
Galaxy Dynamics: from the early Universe to the
Present, ASP Conference Series
Sofue, Y., Tomita, A., Honma, M. and Tutui, Y. (1999),
astro-ph/9910105
Sofue, Y., Tutui, Y., Honma, M., Tomita, A., Tokamiya, T., Koda,
J. and Takeda, Y.
(1999), Astrophys. J. 523, 136
Sofue, Y., Wakamatsu, K. and Malin, D.F.
(1994), Astron. J. 108, 2102
Sokoloff, D. and Shukurov, A.M.
(1990), Nature 347, 51
Soneira, R.M. and Peebles, P.J.E.
(1977), Astrophys. J. 211, 1
Sparke, L. and Casertano, S.
(1998), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc. 234, 873
Stanev, T.
(1997), Astrophys. J. 479, 290
Stanev, T., Biermann, P.L., Lloyd-Evans, J., Rachen, J.P. and Watson, A.
(1995), Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 3056
Steidel, C., Giavalisco, M., Pettini, M., Dickinson, M. and
Adelberger, K.
(1996), Astrophys. J. 462, L17
Steinmetz, M. (1999),
astro-ph/9910002
Stewart, G.C., Cañizares, C.R., Fabian, A.C. and Nulsen, P.E.J.
(1984), Astrophys. J. 278, 536
Stiavelli, M., Sparke, L.S.
(1991), Astrophys. J. 382, 466
Subramanian, K., Cen, R. and Ostriker, P. (1999),
astro-ph/9909279
Summers, F.J., Davis, M. and Evrard, A.E.
(1995), Astrophys. J. 454, 1
Sunyaev, R.A. and Zel'dovich, Ya.B.
(1972), Astron. Astrophys. 20, 189
Sutherland, W. et al.
(1999), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc.
308, 289
Swaters, R.
(1999), Ph. D. Thesis, Univ. of Groningen
Swaters, R.A., Madore, B.F. and Trewhella, M. (2000), to be published
in Astrophys. J. Lett.
Swaters, R.A., Sancisi, R., van Albada, T.S. and van der Hulst, J.M.
(1998), American Astron. Soc. Meeting 193
Sylos-Labini, F., Montuori, M. and Pietronero, L.
(1998), Phys. Rep. 293, 66
Tadros, H., Efstathiou, G. and Dalton, G.
(1998), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc.
296, 995
The, L.S. and White, S.D.M.
(1988), Astron. J. 95, 1642
Toomet, O., Andernach, H., Einasto, J., Einasto, M., Kasak, E.,
Starobinsky, A.A. and Tago, E.
(1999), astro-ph/9907238
Trimble, V.
(1987), Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 25,
425
Trinchieri, G., Fabbiano, G. and Canizares, C.R.
(1986), Astrophys. J. 310, 637
Tucker, D.L. et al
(1997), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc.
285, L5
Tully, R.B. and Fisher, J.R. (1978), in M.S. Longair and J. Einasto
(Eds.),
The Large Scale Structure of the Universe, IAU
Symp. 79, 31
Tully, R.B., Scaramella, R., Vettolani, G. and Zamorani, G.
(1992), Astrophys. J. 388, 9
Turner, M.S. (1999a),
astro-ph/9901168
Turner, M.S. (1999b),
astro-ph/9904051
Turner, M.S. and Widrow, L.M.
(1988), Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 1057
Vachaspati, T.
(1989), Phys. Lett. B 265, 258
Valentijn, E.A. (1991), in H. Bloemen (Ed.),
The interstellar disk-halo connection in galaxies, IAU, Dordrecht
Valentijn, E.A. and van der Werf, P.P.
(1999), Astrophys. J. 522, L29
Vallée, J.P.
(1990), Astrophys. J. 360, 1
Vallée, J.P.
(1990), Astron. J. 99, 459
Vallée, J.P.
(1991), Astron. Astrophys. 251,
411
Vallée, J.P.
(1991), Astrophys. Space Sci.
178, 41
Vallée, J.P.
(1993), Astrophys. J. Lett. 23, 87
Vallée, J.P.
(1994), Astrophys. J. 437, 179
Vallée, J.P.
(1997), Fundamentals of Cosmic Physics 19, 1-89
Vallée, J.P., Mac Leod, J.M. and Broten, N.W.
(1987), Astrophys. Lett. 25, 181
van Albada, T.S., Bahcall, J.N., Begeman, K. and Sancisi, R.
(1985), Astrophys. J. 295, 305
van Albada, T.S. and Sancisi, R.
(1986), Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London A320, 447
van den Bergh, S. (1999),
astro-ph/9904251,
to be published in PASP
van den Bergh, S. (2000), to be published in ARAA
van den Bosch, F.C. (1999),
astro-ph/9909298.
To be publishedin Astrophys. J.
van Driel, W. and Combes, F. (1997), in M. Persic and P. Salucci (Eds.),
Dark and visible matter in Galaxies, ASP Conference Series
117, 133
van Driel, W. and van Woerden, H.
(1991), Astron. Astrophys. 243, 71
van Driel, W. and van Woerden, H. (1997), in M. Persic and P. Salucci
(Eds.),
Dark and visible matter in Galaxies, ASP Conference Series 117
van Driel et al.
(1995), Astron. J. 109, 942
van Gorkom, J.H. (1992), in J.M. Shull and H.A. Thronson (Eds.),
The environment and evolution of galaxies, Kluwer, p. 345
van der Kruit, P.C.
(1979), Astron. Astrophys. Suppl.
38, 15
van der Kruit, P.C. and Searle, L.
(1981a), Astron. Astrophys. 95,
105
van der Kruit, P.C. and Searle, L.
(1981b), Astron. Astrophys. 95,
116
van der Kruit, P.C. and Searle, L.
(1982a), Astron. Astrophys. 110,
61
van der Kruit, P.C. and Searle, L.
(1982b), Astron. Astrophys. 110,
79
van Moorsel, G.A.
(1987), Astron. Astrophys. 176,
13
de Vaucouleurs, G. (1975), in A.R. Sandage, M. Sandage and J. Kristian
(Eds.),
Stars and stellar systems, Chicago Univ. Press, p. 14
de Vaucouleurs, G. and Stiavelli, M.
(1993), Rep. Prog. Phys. 56, 493
Vega-Beltrán, J.C.
(1999), Ph. D. Thesis, Univ. Of La Laguna
Veneziano, G.
(1991), Phys. Lett. B 265, 287
Verdes-Montenegro, L., Yun, M. and del Olmo, A. (1997), in M. Persic and
P. Salucci (Eds.),
Dark and visible matter in Galaxies, ASP Conference Series 117
Verdes-Montenegro et al. (1999), in M. Valtonen and C. Flynn (Eds.),
Small galaxy Groups, ASP Conf. Ser.
Verheijen, M.
(1997), Ph. D. Thesis, Univ. Groningen
Vogt, S.S., Mateo, M., Olszewski, E.W., Keane, M.J.
(1995), Astron. J. 109, 151
Wasserman, I.
(1978), Astrophys. J. 224, 337
Watson, A.M. and Perry, J.J.
(1991), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc.
248, 58
Waxman, E. and Miralda-Escudé, J.
(1995), Astrophys. J. 451, 451
Wevers, B.M.H.R., van der Kruit, P.C. and Allen, R.J.
1986, Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser.
66, 505
Weinberg, S. (1972),
Gravitation and Cosmology, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. New York
White, S.D.M. and Frenk, C.S.
(1991), Astrophys. J. 379, 52
White, S.D.M., Huchra, J., Latham, D. and Davis, M.
(1983), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc.
203, 701
White, S.D.M. and Rees, M.J.
(1978), Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc. 183, 341
Whitemore, B.C., Forbes, D.A. and Rubin, V.C.
(1988), Astrophys. J. 333, 542
Wielebinski, R. (1993), in F. Krause et al. (Eds.),
The Cosmic Dynamo, p. 271
Wielebinski, R. and Krause, F.
(1993), Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 4, 449
Wilkinson, M.I. and Evans, N.W. (1999),
astro-ph/9906197
Wolfe, A.M. (1988), in C.V. Blader et al. (Eds.),
QSO Absorption Lines: Probing the Universe, Cambridge
Univ. Press, p. 297
Wolfe, A.M., Lanzetta, K.M. and Oren, A.L.
(1992), Astrophys. J. 387, 17
Zaritsky, D. (1997), in M. Persic and P. Salucci (Eds.),
Dark and visible matter in Galaxies, ASP Conference Series 117
Zaritsky, D., Olszewski, E.W., Schommer, R.A., Peterson, R.C. and
Aaronson, M.
(1989), Astrophys. J. 345, 759
Zaritsky, D., Smith, R., Frenk, C. and White, S.D.M.
(1993), Astrophys. J. 405, 464
Zaritsky, D. and White, S.D.M.
(1994), Astrophys. J. 435, 599
de Zeeuw, P.T. (1992), in B. Barbuy and A. Renzini (Eds.),
The stellar population of galaxies, IAU 149
Zel'dovich, Ya.B.
(1967), Soviet Phys. USPEKHI 9, 602
Zel'dovich, Ya.B.
(1970), Astron. Astrophys. 5, 84
Zeldovich, Ya B. and Novikov, I.D. (1975),
The structure and evolution of the Universe, Univ. Press, Chicago
Zucca, E. et al.
(1997), Astron. Astrophys. 326,
477
Zurita, A. and Battaner, E.
(1997), Astron. Astrophys. 322,
86
Zweibel, B.G. and Heiles, C.
(1997), Nature 385, 131
Zwicky, F.
(1937), Phys. Rev. Lett. 51, 290