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Article Contents

ABSTRACT

1.INTRODUCTION

1.1.Fundamental role

1.2.Early History

1.3.Review structure

2.BASIC PHYSICS

2.1.Sources of Energy

2.1.1.STELLAR WINDS & SUPERNOVAE

2.1.2.AGN

2.2.Wind-blown bubbles

2.3.Galactic winds

2.4.Hydrodynamical Simulations

3.MAJOR WINDBLOWN EVENTS IN THE LMC & GALAXY

3.1.Large Magellanic Cloud

3.2.Nuclear Wind in the Galaxy

4.LOCAL CENSUS OF GALACTIC WINDS IN STAR-FORMING GALAXIES

4.1.Search Techniques & Observational Limitations

4.2.Detection Rate

4.3.Morphology

4.4.Kinematics

4.5.Mass Outflow Rates & Energetics

4.6.Escape Fraction

4.7.Energy Injection Zone

4.8.Excitation Properties & Evolution

4.9.Wind Fluid

4.10.Dust

5.LOCAL CENSUS OF LARGE-SCALE OUTFLOWS IN ACTIVE GALAXIES

5.1.Detection Rate

5.2.Morphology

5.3.Kinematics

5.4.Mass Outflow Rates & Energetics

5.5.Energy Injection Zone

5.6.Source of Ionization

5.7.Dust

6.WINDS IN THE DISTANT UNIVERSE

6.1.High-Redshift Galaxies

6.2.QSO Absorption-Line Systems

7.THE SIGNIFICANCE OF GALACTIC WINDS

7.1.Influence of Winds on Galactic Scales

7.1.1.GALAXY LUMINOSITY FUNCTION

7.1.2.CHEMICAL EVOLUTION

7.1.3.DISK SIZE AND DARK MATTER CONCENTRATION

7.1.4.POROSITY OF HOST ISM

7.1.5.SPHEROID - BLACK HOLE CONNECTION

7.2.Influence of Winds on Intergalactic Scales

7.2.1.INTRACLUSTER MEDIUM

7.2.2.INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM

8.FUTURE DIRECTIONS

8.1Observational Challenges

8.1.1.UNBIASED CENSUS OF LOCAL WINDS

8.1.2.WIND FLUID

8.1.3.ENTRAINED MOLECULAR GAS & DUST

8.1.4.ZONE OF INFLUENCE & ESCAPE EFFICIENCY

8.1.5.THERMALIZATION EFFICIENCY

8.1.6.WIND/ISM INTERFACE & MAGNETIC FIELDS

8.1.7.GALACTIC WINDS IN THE DISTANT UNIVERSE

8.1.8.POSITIVE FEEDBACK BY WINDS

8.2.Theoretical Challenges

8.2.1.MODELING THE ENERGY SOURCE

8.2.2.MODELING THE HOST ISM

8.2.3.COUPLING THE RADIATION FIELD TO GAS

REFERENCES