ARlogo Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 1994. 32: 531-590
Copyright © 1994 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved

Contents Previous

REFERENCES

  1. Aaronson, M. 1983. Ap. J. Lett. 266: L11
  2. Aaronson, M., Olszewski, E. 1987. In Dark Matter in the Universe, ed. J. Kormendy, G.R. Knapp, p. 153. Dordrecht: Reidel
  3. Adams, F.C., Freese, K., Levin, J., McDowell, J. 1989. Ap. J. 344: 24
  4. Adams, F.C., Walker, T.P. 1990. Ap. J. 359: 57
  5. Alcock, C., Fuller, G.M., Mathews, G.J. 1987. Ap. J. 320: 439
  6. Alcock, C., Akerlof, C.W., Allsman, R.A., Axelrod, T.S., Bennett, D.P., et al. 1993. Nature 365: 621
  7. Applegate, J.H., Hogan, C.J., Scherrer, R.J. 1987. Phys. Rev. D 35: 1160
  8. Arnett, W.D. 1978. Ap. J. 219: 1008
  9. Arp, H.C., Burbidge, G., Hoyle, F., Narlikar, J.V., Wickramasinghe, N.C. 1990. Nature 346: 807
  10. Ashman, K.A. 1990. MNRAS 247: 662
  11. Ashman, K.A. 1992. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 104: 1109
  12. Ashman, K.M., Carr, B.J. 1988. MNRAS 234: 219
  13. Ashman, K.M., Carr, B.J. 1991. MNRAS 249: 13
  14. Ashman, K.M., Salucci, P., Persic, M. 1993. MNRAS 260: 610
  15. Auborg, E., Bareyre, P., Bréhin, S., Gros, M., Lachièze-Ray, M. et al. 1993. Nature 365: 623
  16. Babul, A., Katz, N. 1993. Ap. J. Lett. 406: L51
  17. Bahcall, J.N. 1984a. Ap. J. 276: 156
  18. Bahcall, J.N. 1984b. Ap. J. 276: 169
  19. Bahcall, J.N. 1984c. Ap. J. 287: 926
  20. Bahcall, J.N., Flynn, C., Gould, A. 1992a. Ap. J. 389: 234
  21. Bahcall, J.N., Hut, P., Tremaine, S. 1985. Ap. J. 290: 15
  22. Bahcall, J.N., Soneira, R.M. 1984. Ap. J. Suppl. 55: 67
  23. Bahcall, J.N., Maoz, D., Doxsey, R., Schneider, D.P., Bahcall, N.A., et al. 1992b. Ap. J. 387: 56
  24. Barcons, X., Fabian, A.C., Rees, M.J. 1991. Nature 350: 685
  25. Bartleman, M., Schneider, P. 1993. Astron. Astrophys. 268: 1
  26. Beers, T.C., Preston, G.W., Shectman, S.A. 1992. Astron. J. 103: 1987
  27. Begelman, M.C., Blandford, R.D., Rees, M.J. 1980. Nature 287: 307
  28. Beichman, C.A., Chester, T., Gillett, F.C., Low, F.J., Matthews, K., Neugebauer, G. 1990. Astron. J. 99: 1569
  29. Bertotti, B., Carr, B.J. 1980. Ap. J. 236: 1000
  30. Bertschinger, E. 1983. Ap. J. 268: 17
  31. Bertschinger, E., Dekel, A. 1989. Ap. J. Lett. 336: L5
  32. Bessel, M.S., Norris, J. 1984. Ap. J. 285: 622
  33. Bessel, M.S., Stringfellow, G.S. 1993. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 31: 433
  34. Bienayme, O., Robin, A.C., Creze, M. 1987. Astron. Astrophys. 180: 94
  35. Blaes, O.M., Webster, R.L. 1992. Ap. J. Lett. 391: L63
  36. Blanchard, A., Valls-Gabaud, D., Mamon, G.A. 1992. Astron. Astrophys. 264: 365
  37. Blandford, R.D., Jarosynski, M. 1981. Ap. J. 246: 1
  38. Blandford, R.D., Narayan, R. 1992. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 30: 311
  39. Blandford, R.D., Rees, M.J. 1991. In Testing the AGN Paradigm, ed. S. Holt, S. Neff, C. Urry, p. 3. Woodbury, NY: Am. Inst. Phys.
  40. Blitz, L., Spergel, D.N. 1991. Ap. J. 370: 205
  41. Blumenthal, G.R., Faber, S.M., Flores, R., Primack, J.R. 1986. Ap. J. 301: 27
  42. Blumenthal, G.R., Faber, S.M., Primack, J.R., Rees, M.J. 1984. Nature 311: 517
  43. Bond, H.E. 1981. Ap. J. 248: 606
  44. Bond, J.R., Arnett, W.D., Carr, B.J. 1984. Ap. J. 280: 825
  45. Bond, J.R., Carr, B.J. 1984. MNRAS 207: 585
  46. Bond, J.R., Carr, B.J., Arnett, W.D. 1983. Nature 304: 514
  47. Bond, J.R., Carr, B.J., Hogan, C.J. 1986. Ap. J. 306: 428
  48. Bond, J.R., Carr, B.J., Hogan, C.J. 1991. Ap. J. 367: 420
  49. Bond, J.R., Efstathiou, G., Silk, J. 1980. Phys. Rev. Lett. 45: 1980
  50. Bosma, A. 1991. In Warped Disks and Inclined Rings Around Galaxies, ed. S. Casertano, P.D. Sackett, F. Briggs, p. 40. Provo: Brigham Young Uni. Press
  51. Boughn, S.P., Saulson, P.R. 1983. Ap. J. Lett. 265: L55
  52. Boughn, S.P., Saulson, P.R., Seldner, M. 1981. Ap. J. Lett. 250: L15
  53. Bristow, P., Phillipps, S. 1994. MNRAS 267: 13
  54. Boyle, B.L., Fong, R., Shanks, T. 1988. MNRAS 231: 897
  55. Burstein, D., Haynes, M.P., Faber, S.M. 1991. Nature 353: 515
  56. Canizares, C. 1981. Nature 291: 620
  57. Canizares, C.R. 1982. Ap. J. 263: 508
  58. Carignan, C., Beaulieu, S., Freeman, K.C. 1990. Astron. J. 99: 178
  59. Carignan, C., Freeman, K.C. 1988. Ap. J. Lett. 332: L33
  60. Carlberg, R.G., Dawson, P.C., Hsu, T., VandenBerg, D.D. 1985. Ap. J. 294: 674
  61. Carr, B.J. 1975. Ap. J. 201: 1
  62. Carr, B.J. 1978. Comm. Astrophys. 7: 161
  63. Carr, B.J. 1979. MNRAS 189: 123
  64. Carr, B.J. 1981a. MNRAS 195: 669
  65. Carr, B.J. 1981b. MNRAS 194: 639
  66. Carr, B.J. 1990. Comm. Astrophys. 14: 257
  67. Carr, B.J., Bond, J.R., Arnett, W.D. 1984. Ap. J. 277: 445
  68. Carr, B.J., Ikeuchi, S. 1985. MNRAS 213: 497
  69. Carr, B.J., Lacey, C.G. 1987. Ap. J. 316: 23
  70. Carr, B.J., Rees, M.J. 1984. MNRAS 206: 315
  71. Carr, B.J., Sakellariadou, M. 1994. Preprint
  72. Casali, M., James, P. 1994. MNRAS In press
  73. Cayrel, R. 1987. Astron. Astrophys. 168: 81
  74. Cen, R.Y., Ostriker, J.P., Peebles, P.J.E. 1993. Ap. J. 415: 423
  75. Cen, R.Y., Ostriker, J.P., Spergel, D.N., Turok, N. 1991. Ap. J. 383: 1
  76. Chandrasekhar, S. 1964. Ap. J. 140: 417
  77. Chiba, T., Sugiyama, N., Suto, Y. 1993. Preprint
  78. Coles, P., Ellis, G.F.R. 1994. Nature In press
  79. Comeron, F., Rieke, G.H., Burrows, A., Rieke, M. 1993. Ap. J. 416: 185
  80. Corrigan, R.T., Irwin, M.J., Arnaud, J., Fahlman, G.G., Fletcher, J.M., et al. 1991. Astron. J. 102: 34
  81. Crampton, D., McClure, R.D., Fletcher, J.M., Hutchings, J.B. 1989. Astron. J. 98: 1188
  82. Crawford, M., Schramm, D.N. 1982. Nature 298:538
  83. Dalcanton, J., Canizares, C., Granados, A., Steidel, C.C., Stocke, J.T. 1994. Ap. J. In Press
  84. Daly, R.A., McLaughlin, G.C. 1992. Ap. J. 390: 423
  85. D'Antona, F., Mazzitelli, I. 1985. Ap. J. 296: 502
  86. de Araujo, J.C.N., Opher, R. 1990. Ap. J. 350: 502
  87. Dekel, A., Rees, M.J. 1987. Nature 326: 455
  88. De Rujula, A., Jetzer, P.h., Masso, E. 1991. MNRAS 250: 348
  89. De Rujula, A., Jetzer, P.h., Masso, E. 1992. Astron. Astrophys. 254: 99
  90. de Zeeuw, P.T. 1992. In Morphological and Physical Classification of Galaxies, ed. G. Busarello, M. Capacciolli, G. Longo. Dordrecht: Kluwer
  91. Disney, M., Davies, J.I., Phillipps, S. 1989. MNRAS 239: 939
  92. Dolgov, A., Silk, J. 1993. Phys. Rev. D 47: 4244
  93. Draine, B.T., Shapiro, P.R. 1989. Ap. J. Lett. 344: L45
  94. Dressler, A., Faber, S.M., Burstein, D., Davies, R.L., Lynden-Bell, D., Terlevich, R.L., Wegner, G. 1987. Ap. J. Lett. 313: L37
  95. Dubinski, J., Carlberg, R.G. 1991. Ap. J. 378: 496
  96. Efstathiou, G., Bond, J.R., White, S.D.M. 1992. MNRAS 258: 1
  97. Eichler, D., Silk, J. 1992. Science 257: 937
  98. Ellis, G.F.R. 1988. Class. Quant. Grav. 5: 891
  99. Ellis, G.F.R., Lythe, D.H., Mijic, M.B. 1991. Phys. Lett. B 271: 52
  100. Evrard, A.E. 1990. Ap. J. 363: 349
  101. Faber, S.M., Gallagher, J.S. 1979. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 17: 135
  102. Fabian, A.C. 1994. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 32: 277
  103. Fabian, A.C., Nulsen, P.E.J., Canizares, C.R. 1984. Nature 310: 733
  104. Fabian, A.C., Thomas, P.A., Fall, S.M., White, R.E. 1986. MNRAS 221: 1049
  105. Fall, S.M., Efstathiou, G. 1981. MNRAS 193: 189
  106. Fall, S.M., Pei, Y.C., McMahon, R.G. 1989. Ap. J. Lett. 341 :L5
  107. Fall, S.M., Rees, M.J. 1977. MNRAS 181: 37P
  108. Fall, S.M., Rees, M.J. 1985. Ap. J. 298: 18
  109. Fich, M., Tremaine, S. 1991. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 29: 409
  110. Flores, R., Primack, J.R., Blumenthal, G.R., Faber, S.M. 1993. Ap. J. 412: 443
  111. Forman, W., Jones, C., Tucker, W. 1985. Ap. J. 293: 102
  112. Fowler, W. 1966. Ap. J. 144: 180
  113. Fowler, W. 1990. See Lynden-Bell & Gilmore. 1990, p. 257
  114. Fowler, W., Hoyle, F. 1964. Ap. J. Suppl. 9: 201
  115. Frenk, C.S., White, S.D.M., Davis, M., Efstathiou, G. 1988. Ap. J. 327: 507
  116. Fricke, K.J. 1973. Ap. J. 183: 941
  117. Fuller, G.M., Woosley, S.E., Weaver, T.A. 1986. Ap. J. 307: 675
  118. Garrett, M.A., Calder, R.J., Porcas, R.W., King, L.J., Walsh, D., Wilkinson, P.N. 1994. MNRAS 270: 457
  119. Gates, E., Turner, M.S. 1994. Phys. Rev. Lett. 72: 2520
  120. Gilmore, G., Hewett, P. 1983. Nature 306: 669
  121. Gilmore, G., Reid, N. 1983. MNRAS 202: 1025
  122. Gilmore, G., Reid, N., Hewett, P. 1985. MNRAS 213: 257
  123. Glatzel, W., El Eid, M.F., Fricke, K.J. 1985. Astron. Astrophys. 149: 419
  124. Gnedin, N.Yu., Ostriker, J.P. 1992. Ap. J. 400: 1
  125. Gnedin, N.Yu., Ostriker, J.P., Rees, M.J. 1994. Ap. J. In press
  126. Gomez, A.E., Delhaye, J., Grenier, S., Jaschek, C., Arenou, F., Jaschek, M. 1990. Astron. Astrophys. 236: 95
  127. Gott, J.R. 1981. Ap. J. 243: 140
  128. Gouda, N., Sugiyama, N. 1992. Ap. J. Lett. 395: L59
  129. Gould, A. 1990. MNRAS 244: 25
  130. Gould, A. 1992. Ap. J. Lett. 386: L5
  131. Griest, K. 1991. Ap. J. 366: 412
  132. Guth, A.H. 1981. Phys. Rev. D 23: 347
  133. Haehnelt, M.G. 1994. MNRAS In press
  134. Hammer, F., LeFevre. 1990. Ap. J. 357: 38
  135. Harrison, E.R. 1993. Ap. J. Lett. 405: L1
  136. Hartquist, T., Cameron, A.G.W. 1977. Astrophys. Space Sci. 48: 145
  137. Hatsukade, I. 1989. Ph.D thesis. Miyazaki Univ.
  138. Hauser, M.G., Kelsall, T., Moseley, S.H., Silverberg, R.F., Murdock, T., et al. 1991. In After the First Three Minutes, ed. S. Holt, C. Bennet, V. Trimble, p. 161. Woodbury, NY: Am. Inst. Phys.
  139. Hawking, S.W. 1971. MNRAS 152: 75
  140. Hawking, S.W. 1989. Phys. Lett. B 231: 237
  141. Hawking, S.W., Moss, I.G., Stewart, J.M. 1982. Phys. Rev. D 26: 2681
  142. Hawkins, I., Wright, E.L. 1988. Ap. J. 324: 46
  143. Hawkins, M.R.S. 1985. Phil. Trans. R. Astron. Soc. 320: 553
  144. Hawkins, M.R.S. 1993. Nature 366: 242
  145. Hawkins, M.R.S., Bessell, M.S. 1988. MNRAS 234: 177
  146. Heflin, M.B., Gorenstein, M.V., Lawrence, C.R., Burke, B.F. 1991. Ap. J. 378: 519
  147. Hegyi, D.J., Kolb, E.W., Olive, K.A. 1986. Ap. J. 300: 492
  148. Hegyi, D.J., Olive, K.A. 1983. Phys. Lett. B. 126: 28
  149. Hegyi, D.J., Olive, K.A. 1986. Astrophys. J. 303: 56
  150. Hegyi, D.J., Olive, K.A. 1989. Astrophys. J. 346: 648
  151. Heisler, J., Ostriker, J.P 1988. Ap. J. 332: 543
  152. Henstock, D.R., Wilkinson, P.N., Browne, I.W.A., Patnaik, A.R., Taylor, G.B., et al. 1993. In Gravitational Lenses in the Universe, ed. J. Surdej, D. Fraipent-Caro, E. Gosset, S. Refsdal, M. Remy, p. 325. Univ. Liege.
  153. Hewett, P.C., Webster, R.L., Harding, M.E., Jedrezewski, R.I., Foltz, C.B. 1989. Ap. J. Lett. 346: L61
  154. Hewitt, J.N. 1986. Ph.D thesis. Mass. Inst. Technol. Cambridge
  155. Hewitt, J.N., Burke, B.F., Turner, E.L., Schneider, D.P., Lawrence, C.R. et al. 1989. In Gravitational Lenses, ed. J.M. Moran, J.N. Hewitt, K.Y. Loh, p. 147. Berlin: Springer-Verlag
  156. Hills, J.G. 1986. Astron. J. 92: 595
  157. Hogan, C.J. 1978. MNRAS 185: 889
  158. Hogan, C.J. 1993. Ap. J. Lett. 415: L63
  159. Hogan, C.J., Narayan, R., White, S.D.M. 1989. Nature 339: 106
  160. Hogan, C.J., Rees, M.J. 1988. Phys. Lett. B 205: 228
  161. Hoyle, F., Wickramasinghe, N.C. 1989. Astrophys. Space Sci. 154: 143
  162. Hu, E.M., Huang, J.S., Gilmore, G., Cowie, L.L. 1994. Nature In press
  163. Huchra, J., Brodie, J. 1987. Astron. J. 93: 779
  164. Hut, P., Rees, M.J. 1992. MNRAS 259: 27P
  165. Ikeuchi, S. 1981. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 33: 211
  166. Ipser, J.R., Price, R.H. 1977. Ap. J. 216: 578
  167. Ipser, J.R., Semenzato, R. 1985. Astron. Astrophys. 149: 408
  168. Irwin, M.J., Webster, R.L., Hewett, P.C., Corrigan, R.T., Jedrzewski, R.I. 1989. Astron. J. 98: 1989
  169. Jin, L. 1989. Ap. J. 337: 603
  170. Jin, L. 1990. Ap. J. 356: 501
  171. Kaiser, N. 1984. Ap. J. Lett. 284: L9
  172. Kajino, T., Mathews, G.j., Fuller, G.M. 1990. Ap. J. 364: 7
  173. Karimabadi, H., Blitz, L. 1984. Ap. J. 283: 169
  174. Kashlinsky, A., Rees, M.J. 1983. MNRAS 205: 955
  175. Kassiola, A., Kovner, I., Blandford, R.D. 1991. Ap. J. 381: 6
  176. Katz, N., White, S.D.M. 1993. Ap. J. 412: 455
  177. Kayser, R., Refsdal, S., Stabell, R. 1986. Astron. Astrophys. 166: 36
  178. Kerins, E. 1994. Preprint
  179. Kerins, E., Carr, B.J. 1994. MNRAS 266: 775
  180. Knapp, G.B. 1988. In The Mass of the Galaxy, ed. M. Fich, p. 35. CITA Workshop
  181. Kovner, I. 1991. Ap. J. 376: 70
  182. Krauss, L.M., Small, T.A. 1991. Ap. J. 378: 22
  183. Kronberg, P.P., Dyer, C.C., Burbidge, E.M., Junkkarinen, V.T. 1991. Ap. J. Lett. 367: L1
  184. Kroupa, P., Tout, C.A., Gilmore, G. 1993. MNRAS 262: 545
  185. Kuijken, K., Gilmore, G. 1989. MNRAS 239: 571, 605, 651
  186. Kuijken, K., Gilmore, G. 1991. Ap. J. Lett. 367: L9
  187. Kurki-Suonio, H., Matzner, R.A., Olive, K.A., Schramm, D.N. 1990. Ap. J. 353: 406
  188. Lacey, C.G. 1991. In Dynamics of Disk Galaxies, ed. B. Sundelius, p. 257. Göteborg
  189. Lacey, C.G., Field, G. 1988. Ap. J. Lett. 330: L1
  190. Lacey, C.G., Ostriker, J.P. 1985. Ap. J. 299: 633
  191. Lake, G. 1990. Ap. J. Lett. 356: L43
  192. Lake, G. 1992. In Trends in Particle. Astrophysics, ed. D. Cline, R. Peccei. World Scientiftc
  193. Lake, G., Schommer, R.A., van Gorkom, J.H. 1990. Astron. J. 99: 547
  194. Lange, A.E., Richards, P.L., Hayakawa, S., Matsumato, T. Matsuo, H., et al. 1991. Preprint
  195. Lanzetta, K.M., Wolf, A.M., Turnshek, D.A., Lu, L.M., McMahon, R.G., Hazard, C. 1991. Ap. J. Suppl. 77: 1
  196. Larson, R. 1986. MNRAS 218: 409
  197. Latham, D.W., Tonry, J., Bahcall, J.N., Soneira, R.M., Schechter, P.S. 1984. Ap. J. Lett. 281: L41
  198. Layzer, D., Hively, R.M. 1973. Ap. J. 179: 361
  199. Lewis, G.F., Miralda-Escude, J., Richardson, D.C., Wambsganss, J. 1993. MNRAS 261: 647
  200. Lin, D.N.C., Faber, S.M. 1983. Ap. J. Lett. 266: L21
  201. Linder, E.V., Schneider, P., Wagoner, R.V. 1988. Ap. J. 324: 786
  202. Loeb, A. 1993. Ap. J. 403: 542
  203. Loeb, A., Rasio, F. 1993. Preprint
  204. Low, F.J. 1986. In Astrophysics of Brown Dwarfs, ed. M.C. Kafatos, R.S Harrington, S.P. Maran, p. 66. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press
  205. Low, C., Lynden-Bell, D. 1976. MNRAS 176: 367
  206. Lynden-Bell, D., Gilmore, G. 1990. Baryonic Dark Matter. Dordrecht: Kluwer
  207. Maeder, A. 1992. Astron. Astrophys. 264: 105
  208. Malaney, R.A., Fowler, W.A. 1988. Ap. J. 333: 14
  209. Malaney, P., Mathews, G. 1993. Phys. Rep. 229: 147
  210. Mao, S. 1992. Ap. J. Lett. 389: L41
  211. Matsumoto, T., Akiba, M., Murakami, H. 1988b. Ap. J. 332: 575
  212. Matsumoto, T., Hayakawa, S., Matsuo, H., Murakami, H., Sato, S., et al. 1988a. Ap. J. 329: 567
  213. Mather, J.C., Cheng, E.S., Eplee, R.E., Isaacman, R.B., Meyer, S.S., et al. 1990. Ap. J. Lett. 354: L37
  214. Mather, J.C., Cheng, E.S., Cottingham, D.A., Eplee, R.E., Fixen, D.J., et al. 1994. Ap. J. 420: 439
  215. Mathews, G.J, Schramm, D.N., Meyer, B.S. 1993, Ap. J. 404: 476
  216. Mateo, M., Olszewski, E., Welch, D.L., Fischer, P., Kunkel, W. 1991. Astron. J. 102: 914
  217. McDonald, J.M., Clarke, C.J. 1993. MNRAS 262: 800
  218. McDowell, J.C. 1986. MNRAS 223: 763
  219. McGaugh, S. 1994. Nature 367: 538
  220. Meszaros, P. 1975. Astron. Astrophys. 38: 5
  221. Moore, B. 1993. Ap. J. Lett. 413: L93
  222. Moore, B., Silk, J. 1994. Preprint
  223. Mould, J.R., Oke, J.B., de Zeeuw, P.T., Nemec, J.M. 1990. Astron. J. 245: 454
  224. Mulchaey, J.S., Davis, D.S., Mushotzky, R.F., Burstein, D. 1993. Ap. J. Lett. 404: L9
  225. Najita, J., Silk, J., Wachter, J.W. 1990. Ap. J. 348: 383
  226. Narayan, R., Wallington, S. 1992. Ap. J. 399: 368
  227. Negroponte, J. 1986. MNRAS 222: 19
  228. Nelson, L.A., Rappaport, S.A., Joss, P.C. 1993. Ap. J. 404: 723
  229. Nemiroff, R.J. 1989. Ap. J. 341: 579
  230. Nemiroff, R.J. 1991a. Comm. Astrophys. 15: 139
  231. Nemiroff, R.J. 1991b. Phys. Rev. Lett. 66: 538
  232. Nemiroff, R.J., Bistolas, V. 1990. Ap. J. 358: 5
  233. Nemiroff, R.J., Norris, J.P., Wickramasinghe, W.A.D.T., Horack, J.M., Kouveliotou, C, et al. 1993. Ap. J. 414: 36
  234. Noda, M., Christov, V.V., Matsuhara, H., Matsumoto, T., Matsuura, S., et al. 1992. Ap. J. 391: 456
  235. Nottale, L. 1986. Astron. Astrophys. 157: 383
  236. Nusser, A., Dekel, A. 1993. Ap. J. 405: 437
  237. Ober, W.W., El Eid, M.F., Fricke, K.L. 1983. Astron. Astrophys. 119: 61
  238. Oliver, S., Rowan-Robison, M., Saunders, W. 1992. MNRAS 256: 15P
  239. Oort, J. 1932. Bull. Astron. Inst. Neth. 6: 249
  240. Ostriker, J.P., Cowie, L.L. 1981. Ap. J. Lett. 243: L 127
  241. Ostriker, J.P., Heisler, J. 1984. Ap. J. 278: 1
  242. Ostriker, J.P., Binney, J., Saha, P. 1989. MNRAS 241: 849
  243. Ostriker, J.P., Peebles, P.J.E., Yahil, A. 1974. Ap. J. Lett. 193: L1
  244. Ostriker, J.P., Vogeley, M.S., York, D.G. 1990. Ap. J. 364: 405
  245. Paczynski, B. 1986. Ap. J. 304: 1; 308: L43
  246. Paczynski, B. 1987. Ap. J. Lett. 317: L51
  247. Pagel, B.E.J. 1987. In The Galaxy, ed. G. Gilmore, B. Carswell, p. 341. Dordrecht: Reidel
  248. Pagel, B.E.J. 1990. See Lynden-Bell & Gilmore. 1990, p. 237
  249. Pagel, B.E.J. 1992. In The Stellar Populations of Galaxies, ed. B. Barbuy, A. Renzini. Dordrecht: Kluwer
  250. Palla, F., Salpeter, E.E., Stahler, S.W. 1983. Ap. J. 271: 632
  251. Patnaik, A.R., Browne, I.W.A., Wilkinson, P.A., Wrobel, J.M. 1992. MNRAS 254: 655
  252. Peacock, J. 1982. MNRAS 199: 987
  253. Peacock, J. 1986. MNRAS 223: 113
  254. Peacock, J., Dodds, S.J. 1994. MNRAS 267: 1020
  255. Peebles, P.J.E. 1987a. Nature 327: 210
  256. Peebles, P.J.E. 1987b. Ap. J. Lett. 315: L73
  257. Peebles, P.J.E., Dicke, R.H. 1968. Ap. J. 154: 891
  258. Peebles, P.J.E., Partridge, R.B. 1967. Ap. J. 148: 713
  259. Persic, M., Salucci, P. 1990. MNRAS 245: 257
  260. Persic, M., Salucci, P. 1992. MNRAS 258: 14P
  261. Pfenniger, D., Combes, F., Martinet, L. 1994. Astron. Astrophys. 285: 79
  262. Phinney, E.S. 1985. Preprint
  263. Polnarey, A.G., Zemboricz, R. 1988. Phys. Rev. D 43: 1106
  264. Ponman, T.J., Bertram, D. 1993. Nature 363: 51
  265. Press, W.H., Gunn, J.E. 1973. Ap. J. 185: 397
  266. Ramadurai, S., Rees, M.J. 1985. MNRAS 215: 53P
  267. Rana, N.C. 1991. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 29: 129
  268. Rauch, K.P. 1991. Ap. J. 374: 83
  269. Rees, M.J. 1976. MNRAS 176: 483
  270. Rees, M.J. 1978. Nature 275: 35
  271. Rees, M.J. 1984. In Formation and Evolution of Galaxies and Large Structures in the Universe, ed. J. Audouze, J. Tran Thanh Van, p. 271. Dordrecht: Reidel
  272. Rees, M.J. 1986. MNRAS 218: 25P
  273. Rees, M.J., Ostriker, J.P. 1977. MNRAS 179: 541
  274. Refsdal, S., Stabell, R. 1991. Astron. Astrophys. 250: 62
  275. Reid, N., Gilmore, G. 1982. MNRAS 201: 73
  276. Richer, H.B., Fahlman, G.G. 1992. Nature 358: 383
  277. Richer, H.B., Fahlman, G.G., Buonanno, R., Pecci, F.F., Searle, L., Thompson, I.B. 1991. Ap. J. 381: 147
  278. Richstone, D., Gould, A., Guhathakurta, P., Flynn, C. 1992. Ap. J. 388: 354
  279. Rix, H., Hogan, C.J. 1988. Ap. J. 332: 108
  280. Rix, H., Lake, G. 1993. Ap. J. 417: 1
  281. Rodrigues-Williams, L.L., Hogan, C.J. 1994. Astron. J. 107: 451
  282. Rowan-Robinson, M. 1986. MNRAS 219: 737
  283. Rowan-Robinson, M., Lawrence, A., Saunders, W., Crawford, J., Ellis, R. et al. 1990. MNRAS 247: 1
  284. Rubin, V.C., Ford, W.K., Thonnard, N. 1980. Ap. J. 238: 471
  285. Ryu, D., Olive, K.A., Silk, J. 1990. Ap. J. 353: 81
  286. Sackett, P.D., Sparke, L.S. 1990. Ap. J. 361: 408
  287. Sakellariadou, M. 1984. MS Ihesis. Cambridge Univ.
  288. Salpeter, E.E. 1993. Phys. Rep. 227: 309
  289. Salpeter, E.E., Wasserman, I.M. 1993. Astron. Soc. Pac. 36: 345.
  290. Sancisi, R., van Albada, T.S. 1987. In Dark Matter In the Universe, ed. J. Kormendy, G. Knapp, p. 67. Dordrecht: Reidel
  291. Sarazin, C. 1986. Rev. Mod. Phys. 58: 1
  292. Sargent, W.L.W., Steidel, C.C. 1990. See Lynden-Bell & Gilmore. 1990, p. 223
  293. Saslaw, W.C., Narashima, D., Chitre, S.M. 1985. Ap. J. 292: 348
  294. Saslaw, W.C., Valtonen, M.J., Aarseth, S.J. 1974. Ap. J. 190: 253
  295. Scaramella, R., Bettolani, G., Zamorani, G. 1991. Ap. J. Lett. 376: L1
  296. Scherrer, R.J. 1992. Ap. J. 384: 391
  297. Schild, H., Maeder, A. 1985. Astron. Astrophys. Lett. 143: L7
  298. Schneider, D.P., Schmidt, M., Gunn, J.E. 1991. Astron. J. 102: 837
  299. Schneider, P. 1993. Astron. Astrophys. 279: 1
  300. Schneider, P., Ehlers, J., Falco, E.E. 1992. In Gravitational Lensing, ed. B. Kayser, T. Schramm, L. Nieser, Berlin: Springer-Verlag
  301. Schneider, P., Wagoner, R.V. 1987. Ap. J. 314: 154
  302. Schneider, P., Weiss, A. 1987. Astron. Astrophys. 171: 49
  303. Sellgren, K., McGinn, M.T., Becklin, E.E., Hall, D.N.B. 1990. Ap. J. 359: 112
  304. Shanks, T. 1985. Vistas Astron. 28: 595
  305. Shu, F., Adams, F., Lizano, S. 1987. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 25: 23
  306. Silk, J. 1968. Ap. J. 151: 459
  307. Silk, J. 1977. Ap. J. 211: 638
  308. Silk, J. 1991. Science 251: 317
  309. Silk, J. 1992. In The Stellar Populations of Galaxies, ed. B. Barbuy, A. Renzini, p. 15. Dordrecht: Kluwer
  310. Silk, J. 1993. Phys. Rep. 227: 143
  311. Silk, J., Stebbins, A. 1993. Ap. J. 411: 439
  312. Simons, D.A., Becklin, E.E. 1992. Ap. J. 390: 431
  313. Skrutskie, M.F., Shure, M., Beckwith, S. 1985. Ap. J. 299: 303
  314. Smecker, T.A., Wyse, R.F.G. 1991. Ap. J. 372: 448
  315. Smoot, G.F., Bennett, C.L., Kogut, A., Wright, E.L., Aymon, J., et al. 1992. Ap. J. Lett. 396: L1
  316. Speanhauer, A., Jones, B.F., Whitford, A.E. 1992. Astron. J. 103: 297
  317. Spitzer, L. 1958. Ap. J. 127: 17
  318. Steele, I.A., Jameson, R.F., Hambly, N.C. 1993. MNRAS 263: 647
  319. Steidel, C.C., Sargent, W.L.W. 1988. Ap. J. Lett. 333: L5
  320. Stevenson, D.J. 1986. In Astrophysics of Brown Dwarfs, ed. M.C. Kafatos, R.S. Harrington, S.P. Maran, p. 66. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press
  321. Stevenson, D.J. 1991. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 29: 163
  322. Stromgren, B. 1987. In The Galaxy, ed. G. Gilmore, R. Carswell, p. 229. Dordrecht: Reidel
  323. Subramanian, K., Chitre, S.M. 1987. Ap. J. 313: 13
  324. Suntzeff, N.B. 1992. In The Stellar Populations of Galaxies, ed. B. Barbuy, A. Renzini, p. 15. Dordrecht: Kluwer
  325. Surdej, J., Claeskens, J.F., Crampton, D., Filippenko, A.V., Hutsemekers, D, et al. 1993. Astron. J. 105: 2064
  326. Tamanaha, C.M., Silk, J., Wood, M.A., Winget, D.E. 1990. Ap. J. 358: 164
  327. Taylor, A.N., Rowan-Robinson, M. 1992. Nature 359: 396
  328. Terlevich, R.J. 1985. In Star Forming Dwarf Galaxies, ed. D. Kunth, T.X. Thuan, J. Tran Thanh Van, p. 395. Paris: Editions Frontieres
  329. Teuben, P.J. 1991. In Warped Disks and Inclined Rings Around Galaxies, ed. S. Casertano, P.D. Sackett, F. Briggs, p. 40. Provo: Brigham Young Univ. Press
  330. Thomas, P., Fabian, A.C. 1990. MNRAS 246: 156
  331. Thorstensen, J.R., Partridge, R.B. 1975. Ap. J. 200: 527
  332. Tinney, C.G. 1993. Ap. J. 414: 279
  333. Tinney, C.G., Mould, J.R., Reid, I.N. 1992. Ap. J. 396: 173
  334. Tinney, C.G., Reid, I.N., Mould, J.R. 1993. Ap. J. 414: 254
  335. Tohline, J.E. 1980. Ap. J. 239: 417
  336. Trimble, V. 1987. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 25: 425
  337. Truran, J.W. 1984. Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Phys. 34: 53
  338. Truran, J.W., Cameron, A.G.W. 1971. Astrophys. Sci. 14: 179
  339. Turner, E.L. 1980. Ap. J. Lett. 242: L135
  340. Turner, E.L., Wardle, M.J., Schneider, D.P. 1990. Astron. J. 100: 146
  341. Turner, M.S. 1991. Phys. Scr. T36: 167
  342. Udalski, A., Szymanski, M., Kaluzny, J., Kubiak, M., Krzeminski, W., et al. 1993. Acta Astron. 43: 289
  343. Umemura, M., Loeb, A., Turner, E.L. 1993. Ap. J. 419: 459
  344. Valentjin, E.A. 1990. Nature 346: 153
  345. Van den Bergh, S. 1969. Nature 224: 891
  346. Van der Kruit, P.C. 1987. In Dark Matter in the Universe, ed. G.R. Knapp, J. Kormendy, p. 415. Dordrecht: Reidel
  347. Vietri, M., Ostriker, J.P. 1983. Ap. J. 267: 488
  348. Walker, T., Steigman, G., Schramm, D.N., Olive, K.A., Kang, H.S. 1991. Ap. J. 376: 51
  349. Wambsganss, J., Paczynski, B. 1992. Ap. J. Lett. 397: L1
  350. Wambsganss, J., Paczynski, B., Schneider, P. 1990. Ap. J. Lett. 358: L33
  351. Wandel, A. 1985. Ap. J. 294: 385
  352. Wasserman, I., Weinberg, M.D. 1987. Ap. J. 312: 390
  353. Wasserman, I., Salpeter, E.E. 1993. Preprint
  354. Webster, R.L., Fitchett, M. 1986. Nature 324: 617
  355. Webster, R.L., Hewett, P.C., Harding, M.E., Wegner, G.A. 1988. Nature 336: 358
  356. Webster, R.L., Ferguson, A.M.N., Corrigan, R.T., Irwin, M.J. 1991. Astron. J. 102: 1939
  357. Wheeler, J.C., Sneden, C., Truran, J. 1989. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 27: 279
  358. White, D.A., Fabian, A.C., Johnstone, R.M., Mushotzky, R.F., Arnaud, K.A. 1991. MNRAS 252: 72
  359. White, S.D.M. 1976. MNRAS 174: 19
  360. White, S.D.M., Frenk, C.S. 1991. Ap. J. 379: 52
  361. White, S.D.M., Navarro, J.F., Evrard, A.E., Frenk, C.S. 1993. Nature 366: 429
  362. White, S.D.M., Rees, M.J. 1978. MNRAS 183: 341
  363. Whitmore, B.C., McElroy, D.B., Schweizer, F. 1987. Ap. J. 314: 439
  364. Wielen, R. 1985. In Dynamics of Star Clusters, ed. J. Goodwin, P. Hut, p. 449. Dordrecht: Reidel
  365. Wollmann, E.R. 1992. Ap. J. 392: 80
  366. Woosley, S.E., Weaver, T.A. 1982. In Supernovae: A Survey of Current Research, ed. M.J. Rees, R.J. Stoneham, p. 79. Dordrecht: Reidel
  367. Wright, E.L. 1982. Ap. J. 255: 401
  368. Wright, E.L., Malkan, M.A. 1987. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 19: 699
  369. Wright, E.L., Mather, J.C., Fixen, D.J., Kogut, A., Schafer, R.A. 1994. Ap. J. 420: 450
  370. Yang, J., Turner, M.S., Steigman, G., Schramm, D.N., Olive, K. 1984. Ap. J. 281: 493
  371. Yoshii, Y., Saio, H. 1986. Ap. J. 301: 587
  372. Zaritsky, D., Smith, R., Frenk, C.S., White, S.D.M. 1993. Ap. J. 405: 464
  373. Zeldovich, Ya.B. 1970. Astron. Astrophys. 5: 84

Contents Previous