ARlogo Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 2000. 38: 289-335
Copyright © 2000 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved

Contents Previous

REFERENCES

  1. Albert CE, White RA, Morgan WW. 1977. Ap. J. 211:309-10
  2. Allen SW, Fabian AC, Edge AC, Böhringer H, White DA. 1995. MNRAS 275:741-54
  3. Arimoto N, Matsushita K, Ishimaru Y, Ohashi T, Renzini A. 1997 Ap. J. 477:128-143
  4. Arnaud M, Evrard AE. 1999. MNRAS 305:631-40
  5. Aschenbach B. 1988. Appl. Optics 27:1404-13
  6. Athanassoula E, Makino J, Bosma A. 1997. MNRAS 286:825-38
  7. Bahcall NA, Harris DE, Rood HJ. 1984. Ap. J. 284:L29-33
  8. Bahcall NA, Lubin LM. 1994. Ap. J. 426:513-15
  9. Balogh ML, Babul A, Patton DR. 1999. MNRAS 307:463-79
  10. Banday AJ, Górski KM. 1996. MNRAS 283:L21-25
  11. Barnes JE. 1985. MNRAS 215:517-36
  12. Barnes JE. 1989. Nature 338:123-26
  13. Bartelmann M, Steinmetz M. 1996. MNRAS 283:431-46
  14. Batuski DJ, Burns JO. 1985. Astron. J. 90:1413-24
  15. Bauer F, Bregman JN. 1996. Ap. J. 457:382-89
  16. Bergeron J, Petitjean P, Sargent WLW, Bahcall JN, Boksenberg A, et al. 1994. Ap. J. 436:33-43
  17. Biermann P, Kronberg PP. 1983. Ap. J. 268:L69-73
  18. Biermann P, Kronberg PP, Madore BF. 1982. Ap. J. 256:L37-40
  19. Bird CM, Mushotzky RF, Metzler CA. 1995. Ap. J. 453:40-47
  20. Blandford RD, Narayan R. 1992. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophy. 30:311-58
  21. Blitz L, Spergel DN, Teuben PJ, Hartmann D, Burton WB. 1999. Ap. J. 514:818-43
  22. Bode PW, Cohn HN, Lugger PM. 1993. Ap. J. 416:17-25
  23. Braun R, Burton WB. 2000. Astron. Astrophys. submitted
  24. Buote DA. 1999. MNRAS 309:685-714
  25. Buote DA. 2000a. MNRAS 311:176-200
  26. Buote DA. 2000b. Ap. J. 532:L113-116
  27. Buote DA. 2000c. Ap. J. 539:172-186
  28. Burke DJ, Collins CA, Sharples RM, Romer AK, Holden BP, et al. 1997. Ap. J. 488:L83-86
  29. Burns JO, Gregory SA, Holman GD. 1981. Ap. J. 250:450-63
  30. Burns JO, Ledlow MJ, Loken C, Klypin A, Voges W, et al. 1996. Ap. J. 467:L49-52
  31. Cavaliere A, Menci N, Tozzi P. 1997. Ap. J. 484:L21-24
  32. Cavaliere A, Menci N, Tozzi P. 1998. Ap. J. 501:493-508
  33. Cavaliere A, Menci N, Tozzi P. 1999. MNRAS 308:599-608
  34. Cen R, Ostriker JP. 1999. Ap. J. 514:1-6
  35. Charlton JC, Churchill CW, Rigby JR. 2000. Ap. J. submitted
  36. Cooke BA, Ricketts MJ, Maccacaro T, Pye JP, Elvis M, et al. 1978. MNRAS 182:489-515
  37. Cowie LL, Henriksen M, Mushotzky R. 1987. Ap. J. 317:593-600
  38. David LP. 1997. Ap. J. 484:L11-15
  39. David LP, Arnaud KA, Forman W, Jones C. 1990. Ap. J. 356:32-40
  40. David LP, Jones C, Forman W. 1995. Ap. J. 445:578-90
  41. David LP, Jones C, Forman W. 1996. Ap. J. 473:692-706
  42. David LP, Jones C, Forman W, Daines S. 1994. Ap. J. 428:544-54
  43. Davis DS, Mulchaey JS, Mushotzky RF. 1999. Ap. J. 511:34-40
  44. Davis DS, Mulchaey JS, Mushotzky RF, Burstein D. 1996. Ap. J. 460:601-11
  45. Davis DS, Mushotzky RF, Mulchaey JS, Worrall DM, Birkinshaw M, Burstein D. 1995. Ap. J. 444:582-89
  46. Dell'Antonio IP, Geller MJ, Fabricant DG. 1994. Astron. J. 107:427-47
  47. de Vaucouleurs G. 1965. in Stars and Setllar Systems, ed. A. Sandage, M. Sandage and J. Kristian (Chicago: Univesity of Chicago Press)
  48. Diaferio A, Geller MJ, Ramella M. 1994. Astron. J. 107:868-79
  49. Diaferio A, Geller MJ, Ramella M. 1995. Astron. J. 109:2293-2303
  50. Diaferio A, Ramella M, Geller MJ, Ferrari A. 1993. Astron. J. 105:2035-46
  51. Doe SM, Ledlow MJ, Burns JO, White RA. 1995. Astron. J. 110:46-67
  52. Dos Santos S, Mamon GA. 1999. Astron. Astrophys. 352:1-18
  53. Ebeling H, Voges W, Böhringer H. 1994. Ap. J. 436:44-55
  54. Edge AC, Stewart GC. 1991. MNRAS 252:428-41
  55. Evrard AE, Henry JP. 1991. Ap. J. 383:95-103
  56. Evrard AE, Metzler CA, Navarro JF. 1996. Ap. J. 469:494-507
  57. Fabian AC. 1994. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 32:277-318
  58. Fabian AC, Arnaud KA, Bautz MW, Tawara Y. 1994. Ap. J. 436:L63-66
  59. Fabricant D, Gorenstein P. 1983. Ap. J. 267:535-46
  60. Fabricant D, Lecar M, Gorenstein P. 1980. Ap. J. 241:552-60
  61. Fabricant D, Rybicki G, Gorenstein P. 1984. Ap. J. 286:186-95
  62. Fields BD, Mathews GJ, Schramm DN. 1997. Ap. J. 483:625-37
  63. Finoguenov A, Ponman TJ. 1999. MNRAS 305:325-37
  64. Forman W, Jones C. 1982. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 20:547-85
  65. Frederic JJ. 1995. Ap. J. Suppl. 97:259-74
  66. Fukazawa Y, Makishima K, Matsushita K, Yamasaki N, Ohashi T, et al. 1996. Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 48:395-407
  67. Fukazawa Y, Makishima K, Tamura T, Ezawa H, Xu H, et al. 1998. Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 50:187-93
  68. Fukugita M, Hogan CJ, Peebles PJE. 1998. Ap. J. 503:518-30
  69. Geller MJ, Huchra JP. 1983. Ap. J. Suppl. 52:61-87
  70. Gendreau KC. 1995. X-ray CCDs for Space Applications: Calibration, Radiation Hardness, and Use for Measuring the Spectrum of the Cosmic X-ray Background. PhD thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1 pp.
  71. Gibson BK, Loewenstein M, Mushotzky RF. 1997. MNRAS 290:623-28
  72. Governato F, Bhatia R, Chincarini G. 1991. Ap. J. 371:L15-18
  73. Governato F, Tozzi P, Cavaliere A. 1996. Ap. J. 458:18-26
  74. Griffiths RE, Georgantopoulos I, Boyle BJ, Stewart GC, Shanks T, Della Ceca R. 1995. MNRAS 275:77-88
  75. Griffiths RE, Schwartz DA, Schwarz J, Doxsey RE, Johnson MD, et al. 1979. Ap. J. 230: L21-25
  76. Hellsten U, Gnedin NY, Miralda-Escude J. 1998. Ap. J. 509:56-61
  77. Helsdon SF, Ponman TJ. 2000. MNRAS 315:356-370
  78. Henriksen MJ, Mamon GA. 1994. Ap. J. 421:L63-66
  79. Henry JP, Gioia IM, Huchra JP, Burg R, McLean B, et al. 1995. Ap. J. 449:422-30
  80. Hernquist L, Katz N, Weinberg DH. 1995. Ap. J. 442:57-60
  81. Hickson P. 1982. Ap. J. 255:382-91
  82. Hickson P. 1997. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 35:357-88
  83. Hickson P, Huchra J, Kindl E. 1988. Ap. J. 331:64-70
  84. Holmberg E. 1950. Medd. Lunds Obs. Ser. 2 128:1-56
  85. Horner DJ, Mushotzky RF, Scharf CA. 1999. Ap. J. 520:78-86
  86. Huchra JP, Geller MJ. 1982. Ap. J. 257:423-37
  87. Humason ML, Mayall NU, Sandage AR. 1956. Ap. J. 61:97-162
  88. Hunt R, Sciama DW. 1972. MNRAS 157:335-48
  89. Hwang U, Mushotzky RF, Burns JO, Fukazawa Y, White RA. 1999. Ap. J. 516:604-18
  90. Hwang U, Mushotzky RF, Loewenstein M, Markert, TH, Fukazawa Y, Matsumoto H. 1997. Ap. J. 476:560-71
  91. Ikebe Y, Ezawa H, Fukazawa Y, Hirayama M, Izhisaki Y, et al. 1996. Nature 379:427-29
  92. Ishimaru Y, Arimoto N. 1997. PASJ 49:1-8
  93. Jones C, Forman W. 1984. Ap. J. 276:38-55
  94. Jones LR, Ponman TJ, Forbes DA. 2000. MNRAS 312:139-50
  95. Jones LR, Scharf C, Ebeling H, Perlman E, Wegner G, et al. 1998. Ap. J. 495:100-14
  96. Kaastra JS, Mewe R. 1993. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 97:443-82
  97. Kahn FD, Woltjer L. 1959. Ap. J. 130:705-17
  98. Kaiser N. 1991. Ap. J. 383:104-111
  99. Keeton CR, Kochanek CS, Seljak U. 1997. Ap. J. 482:604-20
  100. King IR. 1962. Astron. J. 67:471-85
  101. Knight PA, Ponman TJ. 1997. MNRAS 289:955-72
  102. Kriss GA, Canizares CR, McClintock JE, Feidelson ED. 1980. Ap. J. 235:L61-65
  103. Kriss GA, Cioffi DF, Canizares CR. 1983. Ap. J. 272:439-48
  104. Kundic T, Cohen JG, Blandford RD, Lubin LM. 1997a. Astron. J. 114:507-10
  105. Kundic T, Hogg DW, Blandford RD, Cohen JG, Lubin LM, et al. 1997b. Astron. J. 114:2276-83
  106. Ledlow MJ, Loken C, Burns JO, Hill JM, White RA. 1996. Astron. J. 112:388-406
  107. Liedahl DA, Kahn SM, Osterheld AL, Goldstein WH. 1990. Ap. J. 350:L37-40
  108. Liedahl DA, Osterheld AL, Goldstein WH. 1995. Ap. J. 438:L115-118
  109. Lloyd-Davies EJ, Ponman TJ, Cannon DB. 2000. MNRAS In press
  110. Loewenstein M. 2000. Ap. J. In press
  111. Mahdavi A, Böhringer H, Geller MJ, Ramella M. 1997. Ap. J. 483:68-76
  112. Mahdavi A, Geller MJ, Böhringer H, Kurtz MJ, Ramella M. 1999. Ap. J. 518:69-93
  113. Mahdavi A, Böhringer H, Geller MJ, Ramella M. 2000. Ap. J. 534:114-132
  114. Maloney PR, Bland-Hawthorn J. 1999. Ap. J. 522:L81-84
  115. Mamon GA. 1986. Ap. J. 307:426-30
  116. Materne J. 1979. Astron. Astrophys. 74:235-43
  117. Matsushita K, Ohashi T, Makishima K. 2000. PASJ in press
  118. McWilliam A. 1997. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 35:503-56
  119. Mendes de Oliveira C, Giraud E. 1994. Ap. J. 437:L103-106
  120. Metzler CA, Evrard AE. 1994. Ap. J. 437:564-83
  121. Mewe R. 1991. Astron. & Astrophys. Review 3:127-68
  122. Mewe R, Gronenschild EHBM, van den Oord GHJ. 1985. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 62:197-254
  123. Miralda-Escude J, Cen R, Ostriker JP, Rauch M. 1996. Ap. J. 471:582-616
  124. Mohr JJ, Evrard AE. 1997. Ap. J. 491:38-44
  125. Mohr JJ, Mathiesen B, Evrard AE. 1999. Ap. J. 517:627-49
  126. Montoya ML, Dominguez-Tenreiro R, Gonzalez-Casado G, Mamon GA, Salvador-Sole E. 1996. Ap. J. 473:L83-86
  127. Morgan WW, Kayser S, White RA. 1975. Ap. J. 199:545-48
  128. Morrison R, McCammon D. 1983. Ap. J. 270:119-22
  129. Mulchaey JS, Davis DS, Mushotzky RF, Burstein D. 1993. Ap. J. 404:L9-12
  130. Mulchaey JS, Davis DS, Mushotzky RF, Burstein D. 1996a. Ap. J. 456:80-97
  131. Mulchaey JS, Davis DS, Mushotzky RF, Burstein D. 2000. Ap. J. in preparation
  132. Mulchaey JS, Mushotzky RF, Burstein D, Davis DS. 1996b. Ap. J. 456:L5-8
  133. Mulchaey JS, Zabludoff AI. 1998. Ap. J. 496:73-92
  134. Mulchaey JS, Zabludoff AI. 1999. Ap. J. 514:133-37
  135. Mullis CR, Henry JP, Gioia IM, Böhringer H, Briel UG. 2000. Ap. J. in preparation.
  136. Mushotzky RF. 1984. Physica Scripta T7:157-62
  137. Navarro JF, Frenk CS, White SDM. 1995. MNRAS 275:720-40
  138. Navarro JF, Frenk CS, White SDM. 1997. Ap. J. 490:493-508
  139. Nolthenius R. 1993. Ap. J. Suppl. 85:1-25
  140. Nolthenius R, White SDM. 1987. MNRAS 225:505-30
  141. Ohashi T, Ebisawa K, Fukazawa Y, Hiyoshi K, Horii M, et al. 1996. PASJ 48:157-70
  142. Oort JH. 1970. Astron. Astrophys. 7:381-404
  143. Ostriker JP, Lubin LM, Hernquist L. 1995. Ap. J. 444:L61-64
  144. Pedersen K, Yoshii Y, Sommer-Larsen J. 1997. Ap. J. 485:L17-20
  145. Perna R, Loeb A. 1998. Ap. J. 503:L135-138
  146. Pfeffermann E, Briel UG, Hippmann H, Kettenring G, Metzner G, et al. 1988. Proc. SPIE 733:519-32
  147. Pierre M, Bryan G, Gastaud R. 2000. Astron. Astrophys. Submitted
  148. Pietsch W, Trinchieri G, Arp H, Sulentic JW. 1997. Astron. Astrophys. 322:89-97
  149. Pildis RA, Bregman JN, Evrard AE. 1995. Ap. J. 443:514-26
  150. Pildis RA, Evrard AE, Bregman JN. 1996. Astron. J. 112:378-87
  151. Pildis RA, McGaugh SS. 1996. Ap. J. 470:L77-79
  152. Ponman TJ, Allan DJ, Jones LR, Merrifield M, McHardy IM, et al. 1994. Nature 369:462-64
  153. Ponman TJ, Bertram D. 1993. Nature 363:51-54
  154. Ponman TJ, Bourner PDJ, Ebeling H, Böhringer H. 1996. MNRAS 283:690-708
  155. Ponman TJ, Cannon DB, Navarro JF. 1999. Nature 397:135-137
  156. Price R, Duric N, Burns JO, Newberry MV. 1991. Astron. J. 102:14-29
  157. Ramella M, Geller MJ, Huchra JP. 1989. Ap. J. 344:57-74
  158. Ramella M, Geller MJ, Huchra JP, Thorstensen JR. 1995. Astron. J. 109:1458-75
  159. Ramella M, Pisani A, Geller MJ. 1997. Astron. J. 113:483-91
  160. Raymond JC, Smith BW. 1977. Ap. J. Suppl. 35:419-39
  161. Renzini A. 1997. Ap. J. 488:35-43
  162. Renzini A, Ciotti L, D'Ercole A, Pellegrini S. 1993. Ap. J. 419:52-65
  163. Rhee G, van Haarlem M, Katgert P. 1992. Astron. J. 103:1721-28
  164. Ribeiro ALB, De Carvalho RR, Coziol R, Capelato HV, Zepf SE. 1996. Ap. J. 463:L5-8
  165. Ricker G, Doxsey RE, Dower RG, Jernigan JG, Delvailee JP, et al. 1978. Nature 271:35-37
  166. Rosati P, Della Ceca R, Burg R, Norman C, Giacconi R. 1995. Ap. J. 445:L11-14
  167. Ruderman MA, Spiegel EA. 1971. Ap. J. 165: 1-15
  168. Saracco P, Ciliegi P. 1995. Astron. Astrophys. 301:348-58
  169. Sarazin CL. 1986. Review Modern Physics 58:1-115
  170. Sarazin CL, Burns JO, Roettiger K, McNamara BR. 1995. Ap. J. 447:559-71
  171. Savage BD, Tripp TM, Lu L. 1998. Astron. J. 115:436-50
  172. Scharf CA, Jones LR, Ebeling H, Perlman E, Malkan M, et al. 1997. Ap. J. 477:79-92
  173. Schechter PL, Bailyn CD, Barr R, Barvainis R, Becker CM, et al. 1997. Ap. J. 475:L85-88
  174. Schmidt M, Hasinger G, Gunn, J, Schneider D, Burg R, et al. 1998. Astron. Astrophys. 329:495-503
  175. Schwartz DA, Schwarz J, Tucker W. 1980. Ap. J. 238:L59-62
  176. Sidher SD, Sumner TJ, Quenby JJ. 1999. Astron. Astrophys. 344:333-41
  177. Silk J, Tarter J. 1973. Ap. J. 183:387-410
  178. Sulentic JW, Pietsch, Arp H. 1995. Astron. Astrophys. 298:420-26
  179. Suto Y, Makishima K, Ishisaki Y, Ogasaka Y. 1996. Ap. J. 461:L33-36
  180. Tanaka Y, Inoue H, Holt SS. 1994. Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 46:L37-41
  181. Tonry JL. 1998. Astron. J. 115:1-5
  182. Tonry JL, Kochanek CS. 2000. Astron. J. 117:2034-38
  183. Tozzi P, Norman C. 2000. Ap. J. in press
  184. Tozzi P, Scharf C, Norman C. 2000. Ap. J. in press
  185. Trinchieri G, Fabbiano G, Kim D-W. 1997. Astron. Astrophys. 318:361-75
  186. Tully RB. 1987. Ap. J. 321:280-304
  187. Verner DA, Tytler D, Barthel PD. 1994. Ap. J. 430:186-90
  188. Vikhlinin A, McNamara BR, Forman W, Jones C, Quintana H, et al. 1998. Ap. J. 502:558-81
  189. Vikhlinin A, McNamara BR, Hornstrup A, Quintana H, Forman W, et al. 1999. Ap. J. 520:L1-4
  190. Voges W. 1993. Adv. Space Res. 13:391-97
  191. Wakker BP, van Woerden H. 1997. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 35:217-66
  192. Walke DG, Mamon GA. 1989. Astron. Astrophys. 225:291-302
  193. Walker TP, Steigman G, Kang HS, Schramm DM, Olive KA. 1991. Ap. J. 376:51-69
  194. Wang QD, McCray R. 1993. Ap. J. 409:L37-40
  195. Ward MJ, Wilson AS, Penston MV, Elvis M, Maccaccaro T, et al. 1978. Ap. J. 223:788-97
  196. Weiner BJ, Williams TB. 1996. Astron. J. 111:1156-63
  197. Wells A, Abbey AF, Barstow MA, Cole RE, Pye JP, et al. 1990. Proc. SPIE 1344:230-243
  198. White DA. 2000. MNRAS 312:663-88
  199. White RA, Bliton M, Bhavsar SP, Bornmann P, Burns JO, et al. 1999. Astron. J. 118:2014-37
  200. White RE. 1991. Ap. J. 367:69-77
  201. White SDM, Navarro JF, Evrard AE, Frenk CS. 1993. Nature 366:429-33
  202. Wu KKS, Fabian AC, Nulsen PEJ. 2000. MNRAS in press
  203. Wu X-P, Xue Y-J, Fang L-Z. 1999. Ap. J. 524:22-30
  204. Xue Y, Wu X-P. 2000. Ap. J. 538:65-71
  205. Zabludoff AI, Mulchaey JS. 1998. Ap. J. 496:39-72
  206. Zamorani G, Mignoli M, Hasinger G, Burg R, Giacconi R, et al. 1999. Astron. Astrophys. 346:731-52
  207. Zwaan MA, Briggs FH. 2000. Ap. J. 530:L61-64

Contents Previous