REFERENCES

1. D.N. Spergel, et al.: Astrophys. J. Suppl., 148, 175 (2003) [astro-ph/0302209]
2. J.P. Ostriker, P.J. Steinhardt, P.J.: Nature 377, 600 (1995)
3. R. Maartens: gr-qc/0312059
4. Deffayet, C.: Phys. Lett. B 502, 199 (2001)
5. S.M. Carroll, V. Duvvuri, M. Trodden, M.S. Turner: astro-ph/0306438 (2003)
6. J.F. Navarro, C.S. Frenk, S.D.M. White: Astrophys. J. 462, 563 (1996)
7. W.J.G. de Blok, S.S. McGaugh, V.C. Rubin: Astron. J., 122, 2396 (2001)
8. T. Treu, L.V.E.Koopmans, D.J. Sand, G.P. Smith, R.S. Ellis: To appear in the proceedings of IAU Symposium 220 "Dark matter in galaxies", S. Ryder, D.J. Pisano, M. Walker, and K. Freeman eds [astro-ph/0311052].
9. S.M. Carroll: Living Rev. Rel. 4, 1 (2001) [astro-ph/0004075]
10. P.J.E. Peebles, B. Ratra: Rev. Mod. Phys., 75, 559 (2003)
11. J.A. Peacock: Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. A361 2479 (2003) [astro-ph/0309238]
12. H. Hoekstra, H. Yee, M. Gladders: Astrophys. J. 577, 595 (2002)
13. M. Milgrom: Astrophys. J., 270, 365 (1983)
14. W. Rindler: Essential Relativity (Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag) 1980
15. R.R. Caldwell: Phys. Lett. B545, 23 (2002)
16. J.C. Mather et al.: Astrophys. J., 512, 511 (1999)
17. P. Molaro, S.A. Levshakov, M. Dessauges-Zavadsky, S. D'Odorico: Astron. Astrophys., 381, 64 (2002) [astro-ph/0111589]
18. G. Steigman: Carnegie Observatories Astrophysics Series Vol. 2: Measuring and Modeling the Universe, W. Freedman ed. (Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press) (2003) [astro-ph/0307244]
19. S. Burles, D. Tytler: Astrophys. J., 499, 699 (1998)
20. J.M. O'Meara et al.: Astrophys. J., 552, 718 (2001)
21. M. Pettini, D.V. Bowen: Astrophys. J., 560, 41 (2001)
22. D. Kirkman, et al.: Astrophys. J. Suppl, 149, 1 (2003), [astro-ph/0302006]
23. P. Jakobsen et al.: Astrophys. J., 417, 528 (1993)
24. K. Olive, G. Steigman: Astrophys. J. Supp., 97, 49 (1995)
25. Y.I. Izotov, T.X. Thuan: Astrophys. J., 500, 188 (1998)
26. V. Barger, J.P. Kneller, P. Langacker, D. Marfatia, G. Steigman: Phys. Lett. B569 123 (2003) [hep-ph/0306061]
27. C. Barcelo, M. Visser: Phys.Lett. B482, 183 (2000) [hep-th/0004056]
28. W.L. Freedman et al.: Astrophys. J., 553, 47 (2001)
29. R.A. Sunyaev, Ya.B. Zeldovich: Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 18, 537 (1980)
30. J.E. Carlstrom, G.P. Holder, E.D. Reese: Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 40, 643 (2002)
31. S. Refsdal: Mon. Not. RAS, 128, 307 (1964)
32. L.L.R. Williams, P. Saha: Astron. J., 119, 439 (2000)
33. L.V.E. Koopmans, C.D. Fassnacht: Astrophys. J., 527, 513 (1999)
34. C.S. Kochanek, P.L. Schechter: to appear in Measuring and Modeling the Universe (Carnegie Observatories Astrophysics Series, Vol. 2), ed. W.L. Freedman (2003) [astro-ph/0306040]
35. L.V.E. Koopmans et al.: Astrophys. J., 599, 70 (2003)
36. B. Chaboyer, P. Demarque, P.J. Kernan, L.M. Krauss: Astrophys. J., 494, 96 (1998)
37. R. Cayrel et al.: Nature, 409, 691 (2001) [astro-ph/0104357]
38. G.K. Miley: Mon. Not. RAS, 152, 477 (1971)
39. K.I. Kellerman: Nature, 361, 134 (1993)
40. L.I. Gurvits, K.I. Kellerman, S. Frey: Astron. Astrophys, 342, 378 (1999)
41. U. Seljak, M. Zaldarriaga: Astrophys. J., 469, 437 (1996)
42. L. Page et al.: Astrophys. J. Suppl., 148, 233 (2003)
43. A. Kogut et al.: Astrophys. J. Suppl. 148, 161 (2003)
44. B.A. Bassett, M. Kunz, D. Parkinson, C. Ungarelli: Phys. Rev. D 68, 043504 (2003)
45. D. Branch: Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 36, 17 (1998)
46. B. Leibundgut: Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys, 39, 67 (2001)
47. M. Hamuy, M.M. Phillips, R.A. Schommer, N.B. Suntzeff: Astron. J., 112, 2391 (1996)
48. Perlmutter S, et al. 1999, Astrophys. J., 517, 565
49. P.M. Garnavitch et al.: Astrophys. J., 493, L53 (1998)
50. J.L. Tonry et al.: Astrophys. J., 594, 1 (2003) [astro-ph/0305008]
51. A. Aguirre, Z. Haiman: Astrophys. J., 532, 28 (2000)
52. P.S. Drell, T.J. Loredo, I. Wasserman: Astrophys. J., 530, 593 (2000)
53. M. Fukugita, F. Takahara, K. Yamashita, Y. Yoshi: Astrophys. J., 361, L1 (1990)
54. Y. Yoshii, F. Takahara: Astrophys. J., 346, 28 (1989)
55. R.E. Williams et al.: Astron. J., 112, 1335 (1996)
56. S. Casertano et al.: Astron. J., 120, 2747 (2000)
57. A. Fernández-Soto, K.M. Lanzetta, A. Yahil: Astrophys. J., 513, 34 (1999)
58. P.L. Schechter: Astrophys. J., 203, 297 (1976)
59. M.R. Blanton et al.: Astron. J., 121, 2358 (2001)
60. B.M. Poggianti: Astron. Astrophys. Suppl, 122, 399 (1997)
61. G. Dvali, G. Gabadadaze, M. Porrati: Phys. Lett., B485, 208 (2000) [hep-th/0005016]
62. C. Deffayet, G. Dvali, G. Gabadadze: Phys. Rev. D65 044023 (2002) [astro-ph/0105068]
63. N. Arkani-Hamed, H-C. Cheng, M.A. Luty, S. Mukohyama: hep-th/0312099