Contents Previous

REFERENCES

  1. R. Giacconi, H. Gursky, F. R. Paolini, and B. B. Rossi, Evidence for X Rays From Sources Outside the Solar System, Physical Review Letters 9 (Dec., 1962) 439-443.

  2. H. L. Marshall, H. Tananbaum, Y. Avni, and G. Zamorani, Analysis of complete quasar samples to obtain parameters of luminosity and evolution functions, Astrophys. J. 269 (June, 1983) 35-41.

  3. R. F. Mushotzky, X-ray spectra and time variability of active galactic nuclei, Advances in Space Research 3 (1984) 157-165.

  4. E. L. Wright, J. C. Mather, D. J. Fixsen, A. Kogut, R. A. Shafer, C. L. Bennett, N. W. Boggess, E. S. Cheng, R. F. Silverberg, G. F. Smoot, and R. Weiss, Interpretation of the COBE FIRAS CMBR spectrum, Astrophys. J. 420 (Jan., 1994) 450-456.

  5. G. Setti and L. Woltjer, Active Galactic Nuclei and the spectrum of the X-ray background, A&A 224 (Oct., 1989) L21-L23.

  6. G. Hasinger, R. Burg, R. Giacconi, G. Hartner, M. Schmidt, J. Trumper, and G. Zamorani, A Deep X-Ray Survey in the Lockman-Hole and the Soft X-Ray N-Log, A&A 275 (Aug., 1993) 1-+.

  7. D. M. Alexander, W. N. Brandt, A. E. Hornschemeier, G. P. Garmire, D. P. Schneider, F. E. Bauer, and R. E. Griffiths, The Chandra Deep Field North Survey. VI. The Nature of the Optically Faint X-Ray Source Population, AJ 122 (Nov., 2001) 2156-2176, [arXiv:astro-ph/0107450].

  8. R. Giacconi, A. Zirm, J. Wang, P. Rosati, M. Nonino, P. Tozzi, R. Gilli, V. Mainieri, G. Hasinger, L. Kewley, J. Bergeron, S. Borgani, R. Gilmozzi, N. Grogin, A. Koekemoer, E. Schreier, W. Zheng, and C. Norman, Chandra Deep Field South: The 1 Ms Catalog, ApJS 139 (Apr., 2002) 369-410, [arXiv:astro-ph/0112184].

  9. A. Comastri, G. Setti, G. Zamorani, and G. Hasinger, The contribution of AGNs to the X-ray background., A&A 296 (Apr., 1995) 1-+, [arXiv:astro-ph/9409067].

  10. Y. Ueda, M. Akiyama, K. Ohta, and T. Miyaji, Cosmological Evolution of the Hard X-Ray Active Galactic Nucleus Luminosity Function and the Origin of the Hard X-Ray Background, Astrophys. J. 598 (Dec., 2003) 886-908, [arXiv:astro-ph/0308140].

  11. E. Treister and C. M. Urry, Active Galactic Nuclei Unification and the X-Ray Background, Astrophys. J. 630 (Sept., 2005) 115-121.

  12. R. Gilli, A. Comastri, and G. Hasinger, The synthesis of the cosmic X-ray background in the Chandra and XMM-Newton era, A&A 463 (Feb., 2007) 79-96, [arXiv:astro-ph/0610939].

  13. M. A. Worsley, A. C. Fabian, F. E. Bauer, D. M. Alexander, G. Hasinger, S. Mateos, H. Brunner, W. N. Brandt, and D. P. Schneider, The unresolved hard X-ray background: the missing source population implied by the Chandra and XMM-Newton deep fields, MNRAS 357 (Mar., 2005) 1281-1287, [arXiv:astro-ph/0412266].

  14. A. Comastri, Compton-Thick AGN: The Dark Side of the X-Ray Background, in Astrophysics and Space Science Library (A. J. Barger, ed.), vol. 308 of Astrophysics and Space Science Library, pp. 245-+, Aug., 2004.

  15. G. Hasinger, T. Miyaji, and M. Schmidt, Luminosity-dependent evolution of soft X-ray selected AGN. New Chandra and XMM-Newton surveys, A&A 441 (Oct., 2005) 417-434, [arXiv:astro-ph/0506118].

  16. M. Revnivtsev, M. Gilfanov, K. Jahoda, and R. Sunyaev, Intensity of the cosmic X-ray backgound from HEAO1/A2 experiment, A&A 444 (Dec., 2005) 381-385, [arXiv:astro-ph/0412304].

  17. X. Barcons, S. Mateos, and M. T. Ceballos, On the intensity of the extragalactic X-ray background, MNRAS 316 (July, 2000) L13-L16, [arXiv:astro-ph/0005596].

  18. F. Frontera, M. Orlandini, R. Landi, A. Comastri, F. Fiore, G. Setti, L. Amati, E. Costa, N. Masetti, and E. Palazzi, The Cosmic X-Ray Background and the Population of the Most Heavily Obscured AGNs, Astrophys. J. 666 (Sept., 2007) 86-95, [arXiv:astro-ph/0611228].

  19. D. E. Gruber, J. L. Matteson, L. E. Peterson, and G. V. Jung, The Spectrum of Diffuse Cosmic Hard X-Rays Measured with HEAO 1, Astrophys. J. 520 (July, 1999) 124-129, [arXiv:astro-ph/9903492].

  20. P. Ubertini, F. Lebrun, G. Di Cocco, A. Bazzano, A. J. Bird, K. Broenstad, A. Goldwurm, G. La Rosa, C. Labanti, P. Laurent, I. F. Mirabel, E. M. Quadrini, B. Ramsey, V. Reglero, L. Sabau, B. Sacco, R. Staubert, L. Vigroux, M. C. Weisskopf, and A. A. Zdziarski, IBIS: The Imager on-board INTEGRAL, A&A 411 (Nov., 2003) L131-L139.

  21. S. D. Barthelmy, L. M. Barbier, J. R. Cummings, E. E. Fenimore, N. Gehrels, D. Hullinger, H. A. Krimm, C. B. Markwardt, D. M. Palmer, A. Parsons, G. Sato, M. Suzuki, T. Takahashi, M. Tashiro, and J. Tueller, The Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) on the SWIFT Midex Mission, Space Science Reviews 120 (Oct., 2005) 143-164, [arXiv:astro-ph/0507410].

  22. E. Churazov, R. Sunyaev, M. Revnivtsev, S. Sazonov, S. Molkov, S. Grebenev, C. Winkler, A. Parmar, A. Bazzano, M. Falanga, A. Gros, F. Lebrun, L. Natalucci, P. Ubertini, J.-P. Roques, L. Bouchet, E. Jourdain, J. Knödlseder, R. Diehl, C. Budtz-Jorgensen, S. Brandt, N. Lund, N. J. Westergaard, A. Neronov, M. Türler, M. Chernyakova, R. Walter, N. Produit, N. Mowlavi, J. M. Mas-Hesse, A. Domingo, N. Gehrels, E. Kuulkers, P. Kretschmar, and M. Schmidt, INTEGRAL observations of the cosmic X-ray background in the 5-100 keV range via occultation by the Earth, A&A 467 (May, 2007) 529-540, [arXiv:astro-ph/0608250].

  23. M. Ajello, J. Greiner, G. Sato, D. R. Willis, G. Kanbach, A. W. Strong, R. Diehl, G. Hasinger, N. Gehrels, C. B. Markwardt, and J. Tueller, Cosmic X-ray background and Earth albedo Spectra with Swift/BAT, ArXiv:0808.3377 (Aug., 2008) [0808.3377].

  24. A. Moretti, C. Pagani, G. Cusumano, S. Campana, M. Perri, A. Abbey, M. Ajello, A. P. Beardmore, D. Burrows, G. Chincarini, O. Godet, C. Guidorzi, J. E. Hill, J. Kennea, J. Nousek, J. P. Osborne, and G. Tagliaferri, A new measurement of the cosmic X-ray background, A&A 493 (Jan., 2009) 501-509, [0811.1444].

  25. F. La Franca, F. Fiore, A. Comastri, G. C. Perola, N. Sacchi, M. Brusa, F. Cocchia, C. Feruglio, G. Matt, C. Vignali, N. Carangelo, P. Ciliegi, A. Lamastra, R. Maiolino, M. Mignoli, S. Molendi, and S. Puccetti, The HELLAS2XMM Survey. VII. The Hard X-Ray Luminosity Function of AGNs up to z = 4: More Absorbed AGNs at Low Luminosities and High Redshifts, Astrophys. J. 635 (Dec., 2005) 864-879, [arXiv:astro-ph/0509081].

  26. J. D. Silverman, P. J. Green, W. A. Barkhouse, D.-W. Kim, M. Kim, B. J. Wilkes, R. A. Cameron, G. Hasinger, B. T. Jannuzi, M. G. Smith, P. S. Smith, and H. Tananbaum, The Luminosity Function of X-Ray-selected Active Galactic Nuclei: Evolution of Supermassive Black Holes at High Redshift, Astrophys. J. 679 (May, 2008) 118-139, [0710.2461].

  27. G. Hasinger, Absorption properties and evolution of active galactic nuclei, A&A 490 (Nov., 2008) 905-922, [0808.0260].

  28. V. Beckmann, S. Soldi, C. R. Shrader, N. Gehrels, and N. Produit, The Hard X-Ray 20-40 keV AGN Luminosity Function, Astrophys. J. 652 (Nov., 2006) 126-135, [arXiv:astro-ph/0606687].

  29. L. Bassani, A. Malizia, J. B. Stephen, and for the INTEGRAL AGN survey team, INTEGRAL/IBIS 20-100 keV Extragalactic survey: an update, astro-ph/0610455 (Oct., 2006) [astro-ph/0610455].

  30. S. Sazonov, M. Revnivtsev, R. Krivonos, E. Churazov, and R. Sunyaev, Hard X-ray luminosity function and absorption distribution of nearby AGN: INTEGRAL all-sky survey, A&A 462 (Jan., 2007) 57-66, [arXiv:astro-ph/0608418].

  31. M. Ajello, J. Greiner, G. Kanbach, A. Rau, A. W. Strong, and J. A. Kennea, BAT X-Ray Survey. I. Methodology and X-Ray Identification, Astrophys. J. 678 (May, 2008) 102-115, [arXiv:0712.2885].

  32. J. Tueller, R. F. Mushotzky, S. Barthelmy, J. K. Cannizzo, N. Gehrels, C. B. Markwardt, G. K. Skinner, and L. M. Winter, Swift BAT Survey of AGNs, Astrophys. J. 681 (July, 2008) 113-127, [arXiv:0711.4130].

  33. T. Yaqoob, X-Ray Transmission in Cold Matter: Nonrelativistic Corrections for Compton Scattering, Astrophys. J. 479 (Apr., 1997) 184-+.

  34. I. N. Evans, H. C. Ford, A. L. Kinney, R. R. J. Antonucci, L. Armus, and S. Caganoff, HST imaging of the inner 3 arcseconds of NGC 1068 in the light of forbidden O III 5007 A, ApJL 369 (Mar., 1991) L27-L30.

  35. A. Lawrence and M. Elvis, Obscuration and the various kinds of Seyfert galaxies, Astrophys. J. 256 (May, 1982) 410-426.

  36. A. Lawrence, The relative frequency of broad-lined and narrow-lined active galactic nuclei - Implications for unified schemes, MNRAS 252 (Oct., 1991) 586-592.

  37. R. Della Ceca, A. Caccianiga, P. Severgnini, T. Maccacaro, H. Brunner, F. J. Carrera, F. Cocchia, S. Mateos, M. J. Page, and J. A. Tedds, The cosmological properties of AGN in the XMM-Newton Hard Bright Survey, A&A 487 (Aug., 2008) 119-130, [0805.1919].

  38. G. Risaliti, M. Elvis, G. Fabbiano, A. Baldi, A. Zezas, and M. Salvati, Occultation Measurement of the Size of the X-Ray-emitting Region in the Active Galactic Nucleus of NGC 1365, ApJL 659 (Apr., 2007) L111-L114, [arXiv:astro-ph/0703173].

  39. M. Nenkova, M. M. Sirocky, Z. Ivezic, and M. Elitzur, AGN Dusty Tori. I. Handling of Clumpy Media, Astrophys. J. 685 (Sept., 2008) 147-159, [0806.0511].

  40. S. F. Hönig and T. Beckert, Active galactic nuclei dust tori at low and high luminosities, MNRAS 380 (Sept., 2007) 1172-1176.

  41. A. Comastri, R. Gilli, C. Vignali, G. Matt, F. Fiore, and K. Iwasawa, Compton Thick AGN in the Suzaku Era, Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement 169 (2007) 274-277, [arXiv:0704.1253].

  42. Y. Ueda, S. Eguchi, Y. Terashima, R. Mushotzky, J. Tueller, C. Markwardt, N. Gehrels, Y. Hashimoto, and S. Potter, Suzaku Observations of Active Galactic Nuclei Detected in the Swift BAT Survey: Discovery of a "New Type" of Buried Supermassive Black Holes, ApJL 664 (Aug., 2007) L79-L82, [arXiv:0706.1168].

  43. G. Risaliti, R. Maiolino, and M. Salvati, The Distribution of Absorbing Column Densities among Seyfert 2 Galaxies, Astrophys. J. 522 (Sept., 1999) 157-164, [arXiv:astro-ph/9902377].

  44. M. Guainazzi, G. Matt, and G. C. Perola, X-ray obscuration and obscured AGN in the local universe, A&A 444 (Dec., 2005) 119-132, [arXiv:astro-ph/0508265].

  45. R. Della Ceca, P. Severgnini, A. Caccianiga, A. Comastri, R. Gilli, F. Fiore, E. Piconcelli, P. Malaguti, and C. Vignali, Heavily obscured AGN with BeppoSAX, INTEGRAL, SWIFT, XMM and Chandra: prospects for Simbol-X ., Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana 79 (2008) 65-+, [0709.3060].

  46. L. M. Winter, R. F. Mushotzky, J. Tueller, and C. Markwardt, X-Ray Properties of an Unbiased Hard X-Ray-detected Sample of Active Galactic Nuclei, Astrophys. J. 674 (Feb., 2008) 686-710, [0711.0019].

  47. S. Sazonov, M. Revnivtsev, R. Burenin, E. Churazov, R. Sunyaev, W. R. Forman, and S. S. Murray, Discovery of heavily-obscured AGN among seven INTEGRAL hard X-ray sources observed by Chandra, A&A 487 (Aug., 2008) 509-517, [0802.0928].

  48. S. Paltani, R. Walter, I. M. McHardy, T. Dwelly, C. Steiner, and T. J.-L. Courvoisier, A deep INTEGRAL hard X-ray survey of the 3C 273/Coma region, A&A 485 (July, 2008) 707-718, [0805.0537].

  49. R. Antonucci, Unified models for active galactic nuclei and quasars, ARAA 31 (1993) 473-521.

  50. C. Simpson, The luminosity dependence of the type 1 active galactic nucleus fraction, MNRAS 360 (June, 2005) 565-572, [arXiv:astro-ph/0503500].

  51. A. Marconi, G. Risaliti, R. Gilli, L. K. Hunt, R. Maiolino, and M. Salvati, Local supermassive black holes, relics of active galactic nuclei and the X-ray background, MNRAS 351 (June, 2004) 169-185, [arXiv:astro-ph/0311619].

  52. A. Martínez-Sansigre, S. Rawlings, M. Lacy, D. Fadda, F. R. Marleau, C. Simpson, C. J. Willott, and M. J. Jarvis, The obscuration by dust of most of the growth of supermassive black holes, NAT 436 (Aug., 2005) 666-669, [arXiv:astro-ph/0505486].

  53. J. R. Houck, B. T. Soifer, D. Weedman, S. J. U. Higdon, J. L. Higdon, T. Herter, M. J. I. Brown, A. Dey, B. T. Jannuzi, E. Le Floc'h, M. Rieke, L. Armus, V. Charmandaris, B. R. Brandl, and H. I. Teplitz, Spectroscopic Redshifts to z larger than 2 for Optically Obscured Sources Discovered with the Spitzer Space Telescope, ApJL 622 (Apr., 2005) L105-L108, [arXiv:astro-ph/0502216].

  54. E. Daddi, D. M. Alexander, M. Dickinson, R. Gilli, A. Renzini, D. Elbaz, A. Cimatti, R. Chary, D. Frayer, F. E. Bauer, W. N. Brandt, M. Giavalisco, N. A. Grogin, M. Huynh, J. Kurk, M. Mignoli, G. Morrison, A. Pope, and S. Ravindranath, Multiwavelength Study of Massive Galaxies at z~2. II. Widespread Compton-thick Active Galactic Nuclei and the Concurrent Growth of Black Holes and Bulges, Astrophys. J. 670 (Nov., 2007) 173-189, [arXiv:0705.2832].

  55. F. Fiore, A. Grazian, P. Santini, S. Puccetti, M. Brusa, C. Feruglio, A. Fontana, E. Giallongo, A. Comastri, C. Gruppioni, F. Pozzi, G. Zamorani, and C. Vignali, Unveiling Obscured Accretion in the Chandra Deep Field-South, Astrophys. J. 672 (Jan., 2008) 94-101, [http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/arXiv:0705.2864arXiv:0705.2864].

  56. D. M. Alexander, R.-R. Chary, A. Pope, F. E. Bauer, W. N. Brandt, E. Daddi, M. Dickinson, D. Elbaz, and N. A. Reddy, Reliable Identification of Compton-thick Quasars at z ~ 2: Spitzer Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy of HDF-oMD49, Astrophys. J. 687 (Nov., 2008) 835-847, [http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/0803.06360803.0636].

  57. A. Pope, R. S. Bussmann, A. Dey, N. Meger, D. M. Alexander, M. Brodwin, R.-R. Chary, M. E. Dickinson, D. T. Frayer, T. R. Greve, M. Huynh, L. Lin, G. Morrison, D. Scott, and C.-H. Yan, The Nature of Faint Spitzer-selected Dust-obscured Galaxies, Astrophys. J. 689 (Dec., 2008) 127-133, [0808.2816].

  58. F. Fiore, S. Puccetti, M. Brusa, M. Salvato, G. Zamorani, T. Aldcroft, H. Ausse, H. Brunner, P. Capak, N. Cappelluti, F. Civano, A. Comastri, M. Elvis, C. Feruglio, A. Finoguenov, A. Fruscione, R. Gilli, G. Hasinger, A. Koekemoer, J. Kartaltepe, O. Ilbert, C. Impey, E. Le Floc'h, S. Lilly, V. Mainieri, A. Martinez-Sansigre, H. J. McCracken, N. Menci, A. Merloni, T. Miyaji, D. B. Sanders, M. Sargent, E. Schinnerer, N. Scoville, J. Silverman, V. Smolcic, A. Steffen, P. Santini, Y. Taniguchi, D. Thompson, J. R. Trump, C. Vignali, M. Urry, and L. Yan, Chasing highly obscured QSOs in the COSMOS field, ArXiv e-prints (Oct., 2008) [0810.0720].

  59. F. Panessa, L. Bassani, A. de Rosa, A. J. Bird, A. J. Dean, M. Fiocchi, A. Malizia, M. Molina, P. Ubertini, and R. Walter, The broad-band XMM-Newton and INTEGRAL spectra of bright type 1 Seyfert galaxies, A&A 483 (May, 2008) 151-160, [0803.0896].

  60. A. de Rosa, L. Bassani, P. Ubertini, F. Panessa, A. Malizia, A. J. Dean, and R. Walter, An X-ray view of absorbed INTEGRAL AGN, A&A 483 (June, 2008) 749-758, [0801.4675].

  61. A. A. Zdziarski, W. N. Johnson, C. Done, D. Smith, and K. McNaron-Brown, The average X-ray/gamma-ray spectra of Seyfert galaxies from GINGA and OSSE and the origin of the cosmic X-ray background, ApJL 438 (Jan., 1995) L63-L66.

  62. D. Gondek, A. A. Zdziarski, W. N. Johnson, I. M. George, K. McNaron-Brown, P. Magdziarz, D. Smith, and D. E. Gruber, The average X-ray/gamma-ray spectrum of radio-quiet Seyfert 1s, MNRAS 282 (Sept., 1996) 646-652, [arXiv:astro-ph/9607016].

  63. M. Dadina, Seyfert galaxies in the local Universe (z larger than 0.1): the average X-ray spectrum as seen by BeppoSAX, A&A 485 (July, 2008) 417-424, [0801.4338].

  64. L. Bouchet, E. Jourdain, J.-P. Roques, A. Strong, R. Diehl, F. Lebrun, and R. Terrier, INTEGRAL SPI All-Sky View in Soft Gamma Rays: A Study of Point-Source and Galactic Diffuse Emission, Astrophys. J. 679 (June, 2008) 1315-1326, [0801.2086].

  65. P. Ferrando, M. Arnaud, U. Briel, O. Citterio, R. Clódassou, P. Duchon, F. Fiore, P. Giommi, A. Goldwurm, G. Hasinger, E. Kendziorra, P. Laurent, F. Lebrun, O. Limousin, G. Malaguti, S. Mereghetti, G. Micela, G. Pareschi, Y. Rio, J. P. Roques, L. Strüder, and G. Tagliaferri, Simbol-X: mission overview, in Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, vol. 6266 of Presented at the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference, July, 2006.

  66. F. A. Harrison, F. E. Christensen, W. Craig, C. Hailey, W. Baumgartner, C. M. H. Chen, J. Chonko, W. R. Cook, J. Koglin, K.-K. Madsen, M. Pivavoroff, S. Boggs, and D. Smith, Development of the HEFT and NuSTAR focusing telescopes, Experimental Astronomy 20 (Dec., 2005) 131-137.

  67. T. Takahashi, R. Kelley, K. Mitsuda, H. Kunieda, R. Petre, N. White, T. Dotani, R. Fujimoto, Y. Fukazawa, K. Hayashida, M. Ishida, Y. Ishisaki, M. Kokubun, K. Makishima, K. Koyama, G. M. Madejski, K. Mori, R. Mushotzky, K. Nakazawa, Y. Ogasaka, T. Ohashi, M. Ozaki, H. Tajima, M. Tashiro, Y. Terada, H. Tsunemi, T. G. Tsuru, Y. Ueda, N. Yamasaki, and S. Watanabe, The NeXT Mission, in Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, vol. 7011 of Presented at the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference, Aug., 2008.

  68. J. E. Grindlay, EXIST: All-sky hard X-ray imaging and spectral-temporal survey for black holes [review article], New Astronomy Review 49 (Nov., 2005) 436-439, [arXiv:astro-ph/0512657].

  69. M. Ajello, P. Rebusco, N. Cappelluti, O. Reimer, H. Böhringer, J. Greiner, N. Gehrels, J. Tueller, and A. Moretti, Galaxy Clusters in the Swift/burst Alert Telescope Era: Hard X-Rays in the Intracluster Medium, Astrophys. J. 690 (Jan., 2009) 367-388, [0809.0006].

Contents Previous