ARlogo Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 2002. 40:487-537
Copyright © 2002 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved

Contents Previous

LITERATURE CITED

  1. Abe F, Bond IA, Carter BS, Dodd RJ, Fujimoto M, et al. 1999. Astron. J. 118:261−72
  2. Argast D, Samland M, Gerhard OE, Thielemann F-K. 2000. Astron. Astrophys. 356:873−87
  3. Arimoto N, Yoshii Y. 1987. Astron. Astrophys. 173:23−38
  4. Arnaboldi M, Freeman KC, Hui X, Capaccioli M, Ford H. 1994. ESO Messenger 76:40−44
  5. Arnould M, Goriely S. 2001. See Von Hippel et al. 2001, pp. 252−61

  6. Arp H. 1962. Ap. J. 136:66−74
  7. Arras P, Wasserman I. 1999. MNRAS 306:257−78
  8. Ashman KM, Zepf SE. 1992. Ap. J. 384:50−61
  9. Audouze J, Silk J. 1995. Ap. J. 451:L49−52
  10. Babul A, Rees M. 1992. MNRAS 255:346−50
  11. Baugh C, Cole S, Frenk C. 1996. MNRAS 283:1361−78
  12. Bell E, de Jong R. 2000. MNRAS 312:497−520
  13. Bertelli G, Nasi E. 2001. Astron. J. 121:1013−23
  14. Bica E, Alloin D, Schmidt A. 1990. MNRAS 242:241−49
  15. Binggeli B, Sandage A, Tammann GA. 1985. Astron. J. 90:1681−771
  16. Binney J, Lacey C. 1988. MNRAS 230:597−627
  17. Bland-Hawthorn J. 2002. In The Dynamics, Structure and History of Galaxies, ed. G Da Costa, H Jerjen, 273:155−66. San Francisco: Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac.
  18. Bland-Hawthorn J, Freeman K. 2000. Science 287:79−84
  19. Bland-Hawthorn J, Maloney PR. 2001. In Extragalactic Gas at Low Redshift, ASP Conf. Ser., ed. J Mulchaey, J Stocke, 254:267−82. San Francisco: Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac.
  20. Bland-Hawthorn J, Veilleux S, Cecil GN, Putman ME, Gibson BK, Maloney PR. 1998. MNRAS 299:611−24
  21. Blitz L, Spergel DN, Teuben PJ, Hartmann D, Burton WB. 1999. Ap. J. 514:818−43
  22. Blumenthal G, Faber S, Primack J, Rees M. 1984. Nature 311:517−25
  23. Boss L. 1908. Astron. J. 26:31−36
  24. Bower R, Kodama T, Terlevich A. 1998. MNRAS 299:1193−208
  25. Braun R, Burton WB. 1999. Astron. Astrophys. 341:437−50
  26. Bullock J, Kravtsov A, Weinberg D. 2000. Ap. J. 539:517−21
  27. Burbidge EM, Burbidge GR, Fowler WA, Hoyle F. 1957. Rev. Mod. Phys. 29:547−650
  28. Bureau M, Freeman KC, Pfitzner DW, Meurer GR. 1999. Astron. J. 118:2158−71
  29. Burris DL, Pilachowski CA, Armandroff TE, Sneden C, Cowan JJ, Roe H. 2000. Ap. J. 544:302−19
  30. Burstein D, Faber SM, Gaskell CM, Krumm N. 1984. Ap. J. 287:586−609
  31. Butcher H. 1987. Nature 328:127−31
  32. Calcaneo-Roldan C, Moore B, Bland-Hawthorn J, Sadler EM. 2000. MNRAS 314:324−33
  33. Caldwell N, Rose J. 1998. Astron. J. 115:1423−32
  34. Carlberg RG. 1986. Ap. J. 310:593−96
  35. Carlberg RG, Sellwood JA. 1985. Ap. J. 292:79−89
  36. Carney BW. 1993. In The Globular Cluster−Galaxy Connection, ASP Conf. Ser., ed. GH Smith, JP Brodie, 48:234−45. San Francisco: Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac.
  37. Carney BW, Aguilar L, Latham DW, Laird JB. 1990. Astron. J. 99:201−20
  38. Carney BW, Laird JB, Latham DW, Aguilar LA. 1996. Astron. J. 112:668−92
  39. Carpenter JM. 2000. Astron. J. 120:3139−61
  40. Carraro G, Ng Y, Portinari L. 1998. MNRAS 296:1045−56
  41. Castro S, Rich RM, Grenon M, Barbuy B, McCarthy J. 1997. Astron. J. 114:376−87
  42. Cayrel R, Hill V, Beers TC, Barbuy B, Spite M, et al. 2001. Nature 409:691−92
  43. Chaboyer B. 1998. Phys. Rep. 307:23−30
  44. Chaboyer B, Demarque P, Kernan P, Krauss L. 1998. Ap. J. 494:96−110
  45. Chaboyer B, Demarque P, Sarajedini A. 1996. Ap. J. 459:558−69
  46. Charlot S, Silk J. 1994. Ap. J. 432:453−63
  47. Chiappini C, Matteucci F, Romano D. 2001. Ap. J. 554:1044−58
  48. Chiba M. 2002. Ap. J. 565:17−23
  49. Chiba M, Beers T. 2000. Astron. J. 119:2843−65
  50. Christensen-Dalsgaard J. 1986. Proc. IAU Symp. 123:295
  51. Christlieb N, Beers TC, Hill V, Primas F, Rhee J, et al. 2001. See von Hippel et al. 2001, pp. 298−300
  52. Cianci S. 2002. PhD thesis. Univ. Sydney

  53. Clarke CJ, Bonnell IA, Hillenbrand LA. 2000. See Mannings et al. 2000, pp. 151−77
  54. Clayton D. 1987. Ap. J. 315:451−59
  55. Clayton D. 1988. MNRAS 234:1−36
  56. Cohen JG, Christlieb N, Beers TC, Gratton R, Carretta E. 2002. astro-ph/0204082

  57. Cole S, Aragon-Salamanca A, Frenk CS, Navarro JF, Zepf SE. 1994. MNRAS 271:781−806
  58. Colin P, Avila-Reese V, Valenzuela O. 2000. Ap. J. 542:622−30
  59. Concannon KD, Rose JA, Caldwell N. 2000. Ap. J. 536:L19−22
  60. Courteau S, de Jong RS, Broeils AH. 1996. Ap. J. 457:L73−76
  61. Cowan JJ, McWilliam A, Sneden C, Burris DL. 1997. Ap. J. 480:246−54
  62. Cregan RF, Mangan BJ, Knight JC, Birks TA, Russell PS, et al. 1999. Science 285:1537−39
  63. Creze M, Chereul E, Bienayme O, Pichon C. 1998. Astron. Astrophys. 329:920−36
  64. Da Costa G. 1999. In The Third Stromlo Symposium: The Galactic Halo, ASP Conf. Ser., ed. B Gibson, T Axelrod, M Putman, 165:153−66. San Francisco: Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac.
  65. Dalcanton JJ, Spergel DN, Summers FJ. 1997. Ap. J. 482:659−76
  66. Davies RL, Kuntschner H, Emsellem E, Bacon R, Bureau M, et al. 2001. Ap. J. 548:L33−36
  67. de Bruijne J. 1999. MNRAS 306:381−93
  68. de Grijs R, Kregel M, Wesson KH. 2001. MNRAS 324:1074−86
  69. Dehnen WA. 2000. Astron. J. 119:800−12
  70. de Jong R, Lacey C. 2000. Ap. J. 545:781−97
  71. Dekel A, Silk J. 1986. Ap. J. 303:39−55
  72. de Zeeuw PT, Hoogerwerf R, de Bruijne JHJ, Brown AGA, Blaauw A. 1999. Astron. J. 117:354−99
  73. Dressler A. 1980. Ap. J. 236:351−65
  74. Durrell PR, Harris WE, Pritchet CJ. 2001. Astron. J. 121:2557−71
  75. Edmunds MG. 1990. Nature 348:395−96
  76. Edvardsson B, Andersen J, Gustafsson B, Lambert DL, Nissen PE, Tomkin J. 1993. Astron. Astrophys. 275:101−52
  77. Efstathiou G, Moody S, Peacock JA, Percival WJ, Baugh C, Bland-Hawthorn J, et al. 2002. MNRAS 330:L29−35
  78. Eggen OJ. 1977. Ap. J. 215:812−26
  79. Eggen OJ, Lynden-Bell D, Sandage AR. 1962. Ap. J. 136:748−66
  80. Eggen OJ, Sandage AR. 1959. MNRAS 119:255−77
  81. Eggen OJ, Sandage AR. 1969. Ap. J. 158:669−84
  82. Ellis RS, Abraham RG, Brinchmann J, Menanteau F. 2000. Astron. Geophys. 41/2:10−16
  83. Elmegreen BG, Efremov Y, Pudritz RE, Zinnecker H. 2000. See Mannings et al. 2000, pp. 179−215
  84. Exter K, Barlow MJ, Walton NA, Clegg RES. 2001. Astrophys. Space Sci. 277:199−99
  85. Faber S. 1973. Ap. J. 179:731−54
  86. Fall SM. 1983. In Internal Kinematics and Dynamics of Galaxies, ed. E Athanassoula, pp. 391−98. Dordrecht: Reidel
  87. Fall SM, Efstathiou G. 1980. MNRAS 193:189−206
  88. Feltzing S, Holmberg J. 2000. Astron. Astrophys. 357:153−63
  89. Feltzing S, Holmberg J, Hurley JR. 2001. Astron. Astrophys. 377:911−24
  90. Font A, Navarro J, Stadel J, Quinn T. 2001. Ap. J. 563:L1−4
  91. Fowler WA, Hoyle F. 1960. Astron. J. 65:345−45
  92. Frayer DT, Brown RL. 1997. Ap. J. Suppl. 113:221−43

  93. Freeman KC. 1970. Ap. J. 160:811−30

  94. Freeman KC. 1987. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 25:603−32

  95. Freeman KC. 1991. In Dynamics of Disk Galaxies, ed. B Sundelius, p. 15. Göteborg: Univ. Göteborg
  96. Freeman KC. 1993. In The Globular Cluster−Galaxy Connection, ASP Conf. Ser., ed. GH Smith, JP Brodie, 48:608−14. San Francisco: Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac.
  97. Freeman KC, Illingworth G, Oemler AJr . 1983. Ap. J. 272:488−508
  98. Friel E. 1995. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 33:381−414
  99. Friel E, Janes KA. 1993. Astron. Astrophys. 267:75−91
  100. Fry AM, Morrison HL, Harding P, Boroson TA. 1999. Astron. J. 118:1209−19
  101. Gilmore G, Reid N. 1983. MNRAS 202:1025−47
  102. Gilmore G, Wyse RFG, Jones JB. 1995. Astron. J. 109:1095−111
  103. Gilmore G, Wyse RFG, Kuijken K. 1989. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 27:555−627
  104. Gilroy K, Sneden C, Pilachowski CA, Cowan JJ. 1988. Ap. J. 327:298−320
  105. Gimenez A, Favata F. 2001. See von Hippel et al. 2001, pp. 304−6
  106. Gnedin OY, Lee HM, Ostriker JP. 1999. Ap. J. 522:935−49
  107. Goetz M, Koeppen J. 1992. Astron. Astrophys. 262:455−67
  108. Gomez A, Grenier S, Udry S, Haywood M, Meillon K, et al. 1997. In Hipparcos−Venice '97, pp. 621−24. ESA
  109. Goriely S, Arnould M. 1996. Astron. Astrophys. 312:327−37
  110. Goriely S, Arnould M. 2001. Astron. Astrophys. 379:1113−22
  111. Gough DO. 1987. Nature 326:257−59
  112. Gough DO. 2001. See von Hippel et al. 2001, pp. 304−6
  113. Gratton RG, Fusi Pecci F, Carretta E, Clementini G, Corsi C, Lattanzi M. 1997. Ap. J. 491:49−71
  114. Grebel EK. 2001. Astrophys. Space Sci. 277:231−39
  115. Gregg MD, West MJ. 1998. Nature 396:549−52
  116. Grenon M. 1999. Astrophys. Space Sci. 265:331−36
  117. Griffin R. 1998. Observatory 118:223−25
  118. Guenther DB. 1989. Ap. J. 339:1156−59
  119. Guenther DB, Demarque P. 1997. Ap. J. 484:937−59
  120. Hamann F, Ferland G. 1999. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 37:487−531
  121. Harding P, Morrison HL, Olszewski EW, Arabadjis J, Mateo M, et al. 2001. Astron. J. 122:1397−419
  122. Harris WE. 2001. astro-ph/0108355
  123. Harris WE. 1991. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 29:543−79
  124. Harris WE, Pudritz RE. 1994. Ap. J. 429:177−91
  125. Hartkopf WI, Yoss KM. 1982. Astron. J. 87:1679−709
  126. Heger A, Woosley SE. 2001. Ap. J. 567:532−43
  127. Helmi A, Springel V, White SDM. 2001. astro-ph/0110546
  128. Helmi A, White SDM. 1999. MNRAS 307:495−517
  129. Helmi A, White SDM, de Zeeuw PT, Zhao H-S. 1999. Nature 402:53−55
  130. Helmi A, Zhao H-S, de Zeeuw PT. 1999. In The Third Stromlo Symposium: The Galactic Halo, ASP Conf. Ser., ed. BK Gibson, TS Axelrod, ME Putman, 165:125−29. San Francisco: Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac.
  131. Henry RBC. 1998. In Abundance Profiles: Diagnostic Tools for Galaxy History, ed. D Friedli, M Edmunds, C Robert, L Drissen, 47:59. San Francisco: Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac.
  132. Hermit S, Santiago BX, Lahav O, Strauss MA, Davis M, et al. 2001. MNRAS 283:709−20
  133. Hernquist L, Quinn PJ. 1988. Ap. J. 331:682−98
  134. Hill V, Plez B, Beers TC, Nordström B, Andersen J, et al. 2002. astro-ph/0203462
  135. Hirshfeld A, McClure R, Twarog BA. 1978. In The HR Diagram: The 100th Anniversary of Henry Norris Russell, ed. AG Davis Philip, DS Hayes, p. 163. Dordrecht: Reidel
  136. Hogan CJ, Dalcanton JJ. 2001. Ap. J. 561:35−45
  137. Holtzman JA, Faber SM, Shaya EJ, Lauer TR, Grothe J, et al. 1992. Ap. J. 103:691−702
  138. Hopkins AM, Irwin MJ, Connolly AJ. 2001. Ap. J. 558:L31−33
  139. Hubble E, Humason M. 1931. Ap. J. 74:43−80
  140. Ibata R, Gilmore G, Irwin MJ. 1994. Nature 370:194−96
  141. Ibata R, Gilmore G, Irwin MJ. 1995. MNRAS 277:781−800
  142. Ibata R, Irwin M, Lewis GF, Ferguson AMN, Tanvir N. 2001a. Nature 412:49−52
  143. Ibata R, Irwin MJ, Lewis GF, Stolte A. 2001c. Ap. J. 547:L133−36
  144. Ibata R, Lewis GF. 1998. Ap. J. 500:575−90
  145. Ibata R, Lewis GF, Irwin MJ, Totten E, Quinn T. 2001b. Ap. J. 551:294−311
  146. Ibata R, Wyse RFG, Gilmore G, Irwin MJ, Suntzeff NB. 1997. Astron. J. 113:634−55
  147. Ikeuchi S. 1986. Astrophys. Space Sci. 118:509−14
  148. Ishimaru Y, Wanajo S. 2000 In The First Stars, ed. A Weiss, TG Abel, V Hill, pp. 189−93. Berlin: Springer-Verlag
  149. Jablonka P, Martin P, Arimoto N. 1996. Astron. J. 112:1415−22
  150. Janes KA, Phelps RL. 1994. Astron. J. 108:1773−85
  151. Jenkins A, Binney J. 1990. MNRAS 245:305−17
  152. Jenkins A, Frenk CS, White SDM, Colberg JM, Cole S, et al. 2001. MNRAS 321:372−84
  153. Johnson JA, Bolte M. 2001. Ap. J. 554:888−902
  154. Johnston KV, Sackett PD, Bullock JS. 2001. Ap. J. 557:137−49
  155. Johnston KV. 1998. Ap. J. 495:297−308

  156. Johnston KV, Hernquist L, Bolte M. 1996. Ap. J. 465:278−87

  157. Johnston KV, Spergel DN, Haydn C. 2002. Ap. J. 570:656−64

  158. Jones L, Smail I, Couch W. 2000. Ap. J. 528:118−22

  159. Jones L, Worthey G. 1995, Ap. J. 446:L31−35

  160. Just A. 2001. In Disks of Galaxies: Kinematics, Dynamics and Perturbations, ed. E Athanassoula, A Bosma, I Puerari. San Francisco: Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. In press
  161. Kamionkowski M, Liddle AR. 2000. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84:4525−28
  162. Käppeler F, Thielemann FK, Wiescher M. 1998. Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 48:175−251
  163. Karlsson T, Gustafsson B. 2001. Astron. Astrophys. 379:461−81
  164. Kauffmann G, White SDM, Guiderdoni B. 1993. MNRAS 264:201−18
  165. Kauffmann G. 1996. MNRAS 281:487−92
  166. Kauffmann G, Charlot S. 1998. MNRAS 294:705−17
  167. King IR. 1958a. Astron. J. 63:109−13
  168. King IR. 1958b. Astron. J. 63:114−17
  169. King IR. 1958c. Astron. J. 63:465−73
  170. Kinman TD. 1959. MNRAS 119:538−58
  171. Klypin A, Kravtsov AV, Valenzuela O, Prada F. 1999. Ap. J. 522:82−92
  172. Kochanek C. 1996. Ap. J. 457:228−43
  173. Kroupa P. 2002. MNRAS 330:707−18
  174. Kuntschner H, Davies RL. 1998. MNRAS 295:L29−33
  175. Kuntschner H. 2000. MNRAS 315:184−208
  176. Kurucz RL. 1991. In The Solar Interior and Atmosphere, ed. AN Cox, WC Livingston, M Matthews, p. 663. Tucson: Univ. Ariz. Press
  177. Kurucz RL. 1995. In Laboratory and Astronomical High Resolution Spectra, ed. AJ Sauval, R Blomme, N Grevesse, p. 17. San Francisco: Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac.
  178. Lacey C, Fall M. 1983. MNRAS 204:791−810
  179. Lacey C, Fall M. 1985. Ap. J. 290:154−70
  180. Larson R. 1974. MNRAS 169:229−46
  181. Lee Y-W, Joo J-M, Sohn Y-J, Rey S-C, Lee H-C, Walker AR. 1999. Nature 402:55−57
  182. Lewis GF, Bland-Hawthorn J, Gibson BK, Putman ME. 2000. PASP 112:1300−4
  183. Lin D, Pringle J. 1987. Ap. J. 320:L87−91
  184. Lineweaver CH. 1999. Science 284:1503−7
  185. Liu W, Chaboyer B. 2000. Ap. J. 544:818−29
  186. Luck RE, Bond HE. 1985. Ap. J. 292:559−77

  187. Lynden-Bell D, Kalnajs A. 1972. MNRAS 157:1−30

  188. Lynden-Bell D, Lynden-Bell RM. 1995. MNRAS 275:429−42

  189. Mac Low M, Ferrara A. 1999. Ap. J. 513:142−55

  190. Majewski SR. 1993. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 31:575−638

  191. Majewski SR, Hawley SL, Munn JA. 1996. In Formation of the Halo ... Inside & Out, ASP. Conf. Ser., ed. H Morrison, A Sarajedini, 92:119−29. San Francisco: Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac.
  192. Majewski SR, Ostheimer JC, Kunkel WE, Patterson RJ. 2000. Astron. J. 120:2550−68
  193. Malin DF, Carter D. 1980. Nature 285:643−45

  194. Malin DF, Hadley B. 1997. Proc. Astron. Soc. Austr. 14:52−58

  195. Maloney P. 1993. Ap. J. 414:41−56

  196. Mannings V, Boss AP, Russell SS, eds. 2000. Protostars and Planets IV. Tucson: Univ. Ariz. Press
  197. Manuel O. 2000. Origins of Elements in the Solar System. New York: Kluwer
  198. Marquez A, Schuster WJ. 1994. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 108:341−58
  199. Mateo M. 1998. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 36:435−506
  200. Mathews GJ, Bazan G, Cowan JJ. 1992. Ap. J. 391:719−35
  201. Matteucci F, Francois P. 1989. MNRAS 239:885−904
  202. McKee CF, Tan JC. 2002. Nature 416:59−61
  203. McGaugh SS, Schombert JM, Bothun GD, de Blok WJG. 2000. Ap. J. 533:L99−102
  204. McWilliam A, Preston GW, Sneden C, Searle L. 1995. Astron. J. 109:2736−56
  205. McWilliam A, Rich RM. 1994. Ap. J. Suppl. 91:749−91
  206. Metcalf B. 2001. astro-ph/0109347
  207. Meusinger H, Stecklum B, Reimann H-G. 1991. Astron. Astrophys. 245:57−74
  208. Molla M, Ferrini F, Diaz A. 1996. Ap. J. 466:668−85
  209. Moore B, Calcaneo-Roldan C, Stadel J, Quinn T, Lake G, et al. 2001. Phys. Rev. D 64:063508−19
  210. Moore B, Ghigna S, Governato F, Lake G, Quinn T, et al. 1999. Ap. J. 524:L19−22
  211. Moore B, Katz N, Lake G. 1996. Ap. J. 457:455−59
  212. Morgan WW. 1959. Astron. J. 64:432
  213. Morrison HL. 1993. Astron. J. 106:578−90
  214. Mushotzky R. 1999. In The Hy-Redshift Universe, ASP Conf. Ser., ed. AJ Bunker, WJM van Breugel, 193:323−35. San Francisco: Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac.
  215. Newberg HJ, Yanny B, Rockosi CM, Grebel EK, Rix H-W, et al. 2002. Ap. J. 569:245−74
  216. Noguchi M. 1998. Nature 392:253−55
  217. Norberg P, Baugh CM, Hawkins E, Maddox S, Peacock JA, et al. 2001. MNRAS 328:64−70
  218. Norris JE, Ryan SG. 1989. Ap. J. 336:L17−19
  219. Norris JE, Ryan SG, Beers TC. 1996. Ap. J. Suppl. 107:391−421
  220. Norris JE, Ryan SG, Beers TC. 1997. Ap. J. 488:350−63
  221. Odenkirchen M, Grebel EK, Rockosi CM, Dehnen W, Ibata R, et al. 2001. Ap. J. 548:L165−69
  222. Oort J. 1965. In Galactic Structure, ed. A Blaauw, M Schmidt, pp. 455−511. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
  223. Oort J. 1966. Bull. Astron. Inst. Neth. 18:421
  224. Ortolani S, Renzini A, Gilmozzi R, Marconi G, Barbuy B, et al. 1995. Nature 377:701−3
  225. Oswalt TD, Smith JA, Wood MA, Hintzen P. 1996. Nature 382:692
  226. Pagel BEJ. 1965. R. Obs. Bull. 104:127−51
  227. Pagel BEJ. 1989. In Evolutionary Phenomena in Galaxies, pp. 201−23. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press
  228. Pagel BEJ, Patchett BE. 1975. MNRAS 172:13−40
  229. Pagel BEJ, Tautvaisiene G. 1997. MNRAS 288:108−16
  230. Peebles PJE. 1970. Astron. J. 75:13−20
  231. Peebles PJE. 1971. Physical Cosmology. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press
  232. Peebles PJE. 1974. Ap. J. 189:L51−53
  233. Peebles PJE, Dicke RH. 1968. Ap. J. 154:891−908
  234. Peebles PJE, Seager S, Hu W. 2000. Ap. J. 539:L1−4
  235. Peletier R, de Grijs R. 1998. MNRAS 300:L3−6
  236. Perryman MAC, de Boer KS, Gilmore G, Hog E, Lattanzi MG, Lindegren L, et al. 2001. Astron. Astrophys. 369:339−63
  237. Pfenniger D, Combes F, Martinet L. 1994. Astron. Astrophys. 285:79−93

  238. Phelps R, Janes K. 1996. Astron. J. 111:1604−8

  239. Pitts E, Tayler RJ. 1989. MNRAS 240:373−95

  240. Pohlen M, Dettmar R-J, Lütticke R. 2000. Astron. Astrophys. 357:L1−4

  241. Press WH, Schechter P. 1974. Ap. J. 187:425−38

  242. Preston GW, Beers TC, Shectman SA. 1994. Astron. J. 108:538−54
  243. Pritchet C, van den Bergh S. 1994. Astron. J. 107:1730−36
  244. Prochaska JX, Naumov SO, Carney BW, McWilliam A, Wolfe AM. 2000. Astron. J. 120:2513−49
  245. Quillen AC. 2002. astro-ph/0202253
  246. Quillen AC, Garnett D. 2001. In Galaxy Disks and Disk Galaxies, ASP Conf. Ser., ed. G Jose, SJ Funes, EM Corsini, 230:87−88. San Francisco: Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac.
  247. Quinn PJ. 1984. Ap. J. 279:596−609
  248. Quinn PJ, Goodman J. 1986. Ap. J. 309:472−95
  249. Quinn PJ, Hernquist L, Fullagar D. 1993. Ap. J. 403:74−93

  250. Quinn PJ, Zurek W. 1988. Ap. J. 331:1−18

  251. Quinn T, Katz N, Efstathiou G. 1996. MNRAS 278:49−54

  252. Rees MJ. 1986. MNRAS 218:25−30
  253. Reid IN. 1998. In Highlights of Astronomy, ed. J Andersen, 11A:562. Dordrecht: Kluwer
  254. Renzini A. 2000. In From Extrasolar Planets to Cosmology, ed. J Bergeron, A Renzini, p. 168. Berlin: Springer-Verlag
  255. Renzini A. 2001. In Chemical Enrichment of Intracluster and Intergalactic Medium, ASP. Conf. Ser., ed. F Matteucci, R Fusco-Femiano. San Francisco: Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac.
  256. Rich RM. 2001. See von Hippel et al. 2001, pp. 216−25
  257. Rix H-W, Zaritsky D. 1995. Ap. J. 447:82−102
  258. Rocha-Pinto HJ, Scalo J, Maciel WJ, Flynn C. 2000. Astron. Astrophys. 358:869−85
  259. Rodgers AW, Harding P, Sadler EM. 1981. Ap. J. 244:912−18
  260. Rose J. 1994. Astron. J. 107:206−29
  261. Ryan SG, Norris JE, Beers TC. 1996. Ap. J. 471:254−78
  262. Rutherford E. 1904. Radiation and emanation of radium. In The Collected Works of Lord Rutherford Vol 1. London: Allen & Unwin 1962−65

  263. Sandage A. 1990. J. R. Astron. Soc. Can. 84:70−88
  264. Sandage A, Cacciari C. 1990. Ap. J. 350:645−61
  265. Sandage A, Visvanathan N. 1978. Ap. J. 225:742−50
  266. Schmidt M. 1963. Ap. J. 137:758−69
  267. Schoenmakers RHM, Franx M, de Zeeuw PT. 1997. MNRAS 292:349−64
  268. Schommer RA, Suntzeff NB, Olszewski EW, Harris HC. 1992. Astron. J. 103:447−59
  269. Schweizer F. 1987. In Nearly Normal Galaxies: From the Planck Time to the Present, ed. S Faber, pp. 18−25. New York: Springer-Verlag
  270. Searle L. 1977. In The Evolution of Galaxies & Stellar Populations, ed. BM Tinsley, RB Larson, p. 219. New Haven: Yale
  271. Searle L, Zinn R. 1978. Ap. J. 225:357−79
  272. Sedgewick R. 1992. Algorithms in C++. Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley
  273. Sellwood JA. 1999. In Astrophysical Disks, ed. J Sellwood, J Goodman, p. 327. San Francisco: Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac.
  274. Sellwood JA, Kosowsky A. 2002. In The Dynamics, Structure and History of Galaxies, ed. G Da Costa H Jerjen, 273:243−53. San Francisco: Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac.
  275. Sellwood JA. 2001. In Disks of Galaxies: Kinematics, Dynamics and Perturbations, ed. E Athanassoula, A Bosma, I Puerari. San Francisco: Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. In press
  276. Shang Z, Brinks E, Zheng Z, Chen J, Burstein D, et al. 1998. Ap. J. 504:L23−26
  277. Sheth RK, Tormen G. 1999. MNRAS 308:119−26
  278. Shigeyama T, Tsujimoto T. 1998. Ap. J. 507:L135−39
  279. Sneden C, Cowan JJ, Beers TC, Truran JW, Lawler JE, Fuller G. 2001a. See von Hippel et al. 2001, pp. 235−43
  280. Sneden C, Cowan JJ, Ivans II, Fuller GM, Burles S, et al. 2000. Ap. J. 533:L139−42
  281. Sneden C, Lawler JE, Cowan JJ. 2001b. astro-ph/0109194
  282. Spergel D, Steinhardt P. 2000. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84:3760−63
  283. Spite M, Spite F. 1978. Astron. Astrophys. 67:23−31
  284. Spitzer L, Schwarzschild M. 1953. Ap. J. 118:106−12
  285. Stahler SW, Palla F,Ho PTP. 2000. See Mannings et al. 2000, pp. 327−51
  286. Strömgren B. 1987. In The Galaxy, ed. G Gilmore, R Carswell, pp. 229−46. Dordrecht: Reidel
  287. Talbot RJ, Arnett WD. 1971. Ap. J. 170:409−22
  288. Taylor BJ. 2000. Astron. Astrophys. 362:563−79
  289. Thoul A, Weinberg D. 1996. Ap. J. 465:608−16
  290. Tinsley B. 1980. Fund. Cosmic Phys. 5:287−388
  291. Trager S, Faber SM, Worthey G, Gonzalez J. 2000. Astron. J. 119:1645−76
  292. Trager S, Worthey G, Faber SM, Bustein D, Gonzales J. 1998. Ap. J. Suppl. 116:1−28
  293. Travaglio C, Galli D, Gallino R, Busso M, Ferrini F, et al. 1999. Ap. J. 521:691−702
  294. Travaglio C, Gallino R, Zinner E, Amari S, Woosley S. 1998. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 33:A155−56
  295. Tremaine SD. 1993. In Back to the Galaxy, ed. SS Holt, F Verter, pp. 599−609. New York: AIP
  296. Tremaine SD. 1999. MNRAS 307:877−83
  297. Tripicco MJ, Bell RA. 1995. Astron. J. 110:3035−49
  298. Truran JW. 1981. Astron. Astrophys. 97:391−93
  299. Truran JW, Burles S, Cowan J, Sneden C. 2001. See von Hippel et al. 2001, pp. 226−34
  300. Tsikoudi V. 1980. Ap. J. Suppl. 43:365−77
  301. Tsujimoto T, Shigeyama T, Yoshii Y. 2000. Ap. J. 531:L33−36
  302. Tyson JA, Fischer P, Guhathakurta P, McIlroy P, Wenk R, et al. 1998. Astron. J. 116:102−10
  303. Tully RB, Fisher JR. 1977. Astron. Astrophys. 54:661−73
  304. Tully RB, Verheijen MA, Pierce MJ, Huang J-S, Wainscoat RJ. 1996. Astron. J. 112:2471−99
  305. Twarog BA. 1980. Ap. J. 242:242−59
  306. Twarog BA, Ashman KM, Anthony-Twarog BJ. 1997. Astron. J. 114:2556−85
  307. Ulrich RK. 1986. Ap. J. 306:L37−40
  308. Unavane M, Wyse RFG, Gilmore G. 1996. MNRAS 278:727−36
  309. van den Bergh S. 1962. Astron. J. 67:486−90
  310. van den Bergh S. 2000. The Galaxies of the Local Group. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press
  311. van den Bergh S, McClure RD. 1980. Astron. Astrophys. 88:360−62
  312. van der Kruit P. 2002. In The Dynamics, Structure and History of Galaxies, ed. G Da Costa, H Jerjen, 273:7−18, San Francisco: Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac.
  313. Vazdekis A. 1999. Ap. J. 513:224−41
  314. Vivas AK, Zinn R, Andrews P, Bailyn C, Baltay C, et al. 2001. Ap. J. 554:L33−36
  315. von Hippel T, Simpson C, Manset N, eds. 2001. Astrophysical Ages and Time Scales, ASP Conf. Ser., San Francisco: Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac.
  316. Walker IR, Mihos JC, Hernquist L. 1996. Ap. J. 460:121−35
  317. Wallerstein G, Greenstein JL, Parker R, Helfer HL, Aller LH. 1963. Ap. J. 137:280−300
  318. Wallerstein G, Iben I, Parker P, Boesgaard AM, Hale GM, et al. 1997. Rev. Mod. Phys. 69:995−1084
  319. Weil M, Bland-Hawthorn J, Malin DF. 1997. Ap. J. 490:664−81
  320. Weinberg S. 1977. The First Three Minutes. A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe. London: Andre Deutsch
  321. Weiner BJ, Vogel SN, Williams TB. 2001. In Extragalactic Gas at Low Redshift, ASP Conf. Ser., ed. J Mulchaey, J Stocke, 254:256−66. San Francisco: Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac.
  322. Westin J, Sneden C, Gustafsson B, Cowan J. 2000. Ap. J. 530:783−99
  323. White M, Croft RAC. 2000. Ap. J. 539:497−504
  324. White SDM. 1976. MNRAS 177:717−33
  325. White SDM. 1996. In Cosmology and Large Scale Structure, ed. R Schaeffer, J Silk, M Spiro, J Zinn-Justin, p. 349. Amsterdam: Elsevier
  326. White SDM, Rees MJ. 1978. MNRAS 183:341−58
  327. Whitmore BC, Schweizer F. 1995. Astron. J. 109:960−80
  328. Whitmore BC, Schweizer F, Leitherer C, Borne K, Robert C. 1993. Astron. J. 106:1354−70
  329. Widrow L, Dubinski J. 1998. Ap. J. 504:12−26
  330. Worthey G. 1994. Ap. J. Suppl. 95:107−49
  331. Worthey G, Dorman B, Jones L. 1996. Astron. J. 112:948−53
  332. Worthey G, Faber SM, Gonzales J, Burstein D. 1994. Ap. J. Suppl. 94:687−722
  333. Wyse RFG, Silk J. 1989. Ap. J. 339:700−11
  334. Yokoi K, Takahashi K, Arnould M. 1983. Astron. Astrophys. 117:65−82
  335. Yun MS, Carilli CL, Kawabe R, Tutui Y, Kohno K, Ohta K. 2000. Ap. J. 528:171−78
  336. Zheng Z, Shang Z, Su H, Burstein D, Chen J, et al. 1999. Astron. J. 117:2757−80
  337. Zinn R. 1985. Ap. J. 293:424−44
  338. Zinnecker H, Cannon RD. 1986. In Star Forming Galaxies and Related Objects, ed. D Kunth, TX Thuan, J Thanh Van, p. 155. Paris: Ed. Front.
  339. Zurek W, Quinn P, Salmon J. 1988. Ap. J. 330:519−34

Contents Previous