REFERENCES
W. Baade,
IAU Trans. 8, 397, 1954.
N. A. Bahcall, L. M. Lubin & V. Dorman,
Astrophys. J. Lett., 447, 81, 1995.
N. A. Bahcall & Fan,
Publ. Nat. Acad. Sci., 95, 5956, 1998.
M. Birkinshaw
Phys. Rep., 1999, in press.
R. Blandford & T. Kundic, in
The Extragalactic Distance Scale
eds. M. Donahue & M. Livio (Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 60-75.
A. Bosma,
Astron. J., 86, 1791, 1981.
S. Burles & D. Tytler,
Astrophys. J., 507, 732, 1998.
Carlberg, R. G., et al.,
Astrophys. J., 462, 32, 1996.
Carroll, Press, & Turner,
Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 30, 499, 1992.
B. Chaboyer, P. Demarque, P. J. Kernan & L. M. Krauss,
Science, 271, 957, 1996.
B. Chaboyer, P. Demarque, P. J. Kernan & L. M. Krauss,
Astrophys. J., 494, 96, 1998.
Y.-C. N. Cheng & L. M. Krauss Mon. Not. Royal
Astr. Soc.,
1999. astro-ph/9810393, in press.
A. Dekel et al.,
Astrophys. J., 412, 1, 1993.
A. Dekel, D. Burstein & S. D. M. White in
Critical Dialogs in Cosmology, ed. N. Turok
(World Scientific, 1997).
P. Demarque, C. P. Deliyannis & A. Sarajedini, in
Observational Tests of Inflation, ed. T. Shanks et al.
(Dordrecht, Kluwer, 1991).
M. Donahue & M. Livio, eds.
The Extragalactic Distance Scale
(Cambridge University Press, 1997).
G. Efstathiou & J. R. Bond,
Mon. Not. Royal Astr. Soc.,
1998, astro-ph/9807103.
A. Einstein,
Sitz. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Phys.-Math, 142, (1917).
D. Eisenstein, W. Hu & M. Tegmark,
Astrophys. J., 504, L57, 1998.
W. L. Freedman in
Proceedings of the 18th Texas Symposium,
eds. A. Olinto, J. Frieman, & D. Schramm, (World Scientific Press, 1997a).
W. L. Freedman in
Critical Dialogs in Cosmology,
ed. N. Turok (World Scientific, 1997b), p. 92.
W. L. Freedman, B. F. Madore & R. C. Kennicutt, in
The Extragalactic Distance Scale eds. M. Donahue & M. Livio,
(Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 171-185.
W. L. Freedman, J. R. Mould, R. C. Kennicutt &
B.F. Madore, in
IAU Symposium No. 183, Cosmological Parameters
and the Evolution of the Universe, in press, 1998,
astro-ph/9801080.
A. Friedmann,
Z. Phys., 10, 377, (1922).
M. Fukugita, T. Futamase & M. Kasai,
Mon. Not. Royal Astr. Soc., 246, 24p, 1990.
M. Fukugita & E. Turner,
Mon. Not. Royal Astr. Soc., 253, 99, 1991.
P. Garnavich et al.,
Astrophys. J., 493, L53, 1998.
A. Goobar & S. Perlmutter,
Astrophys. J., 450, 14, 1995.
N. A. Grogin & R. Narayan,
Astrophys. J., 464, 92, 1996.
A. H. Guth,
Phys. Rev., 23, 347, 1981.
C. Hogan,
Space Sci. Review, 84, 127 (1998).
W. Hu & M. White
Astrophys. J., 471, 30, 1996.
E. Hubble,
Publ. Nat. Acad. Sci., 15, 168, 1929.
E. Hubble & M. L. Humason
Astrophys. J., 74, 43, 1931.
C. Impey,
Astrophys. J., 509, 551, 1998.
N. Kaiser & G. Squires,
Astrophys. J., 404, 441, 1993.
N. Kaiser et al., Astrophys. J., 1999,
astro-ph/9809269, in press.
M. Kamionkowski, A. Kosowsky & A. Stebbins,
astro-ph/9609132.
R. C. Kennicutt, W. L. Freedman & J. R. Mould,
Astron. J., 110, 1476, 1995.
C. S. Kochanek,
Astrophys. J., 466, 638, 1996.
J. Kovalevsky,
Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 36, 99, 1998.
L. Krauss & M. S. Turner,
Gen. Rel. Grav., 27, 1137, 1995.
C.-P. Ma, T. Small & W. Sargent 1998,
astro-ph/9808034.
B. F. Madore et al.,
Nature, 395, 47, 1998.
B. F. Madore et al.,
Astrophys. J., 1999, in press, Apr. 10
issue, astro-ph/9812157.
J. R. Mould, S. Sakai & S. Hughes, in
The Extragalactic Distance Scale,
eds. M. Donahue & M. Livio (Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 158-170.
J. P. Ostriker & P. Steinhardt,
Nature, 377, 600, 1995.
J. P. Ostriker, P. J. E. Peebles & A. Yahil
Astrophys. J. Lett., 193, L1, 1974.
T. D. Oswalt, J. A. Smith, M. A. Wood & P. Hintzen,
Nature, 382, 692, 1996.
S. Perlmutter et al.,
Astrophys. J., 483, 565, 1997.
S. Perlmutter et al.,
Nature, 391, 51, 1998a.
S. Perlmutter et al., Astrophys. J., 1999,
astro-ph/9812133.
V. Petrosian, E. Salpeter & P. Szekeres,
Astrophys. J., 147, 1222, 1967.
F. Pont, M. Mayor, C. Turon & D. A. Vandenberg
Astron. Astrophys., 1999, in press.
S. Refsdael,
Mon. Not. Royal Astr. Soc., 128, 295, 1964.
S. Refsdael,
Mon. Not. Royal Astr. Soc., 132, 101, 1966.
N. Reid,
Astron. J., 114, 161, 1997.
A. Reiss, W. Press & R. Kirshner
Astrophys. J., 473, 88, 1996.
A. Reiss et al.
Astron. J., 116, 1009, 1998.
A. Renzini, in
Observational Tests of Inflation,
ed. T. Shanks et al. (Dordrecht, Kluwer, 1991), pp. 131-146.
D. H. Rogstad & G. S. Shostak,
Astrophys. J., 176, 315, 1972.
M. Rowan-Robinson,
The Cosmological Distance Ladder,
(New York, Freeman, 1985).
V. C. Rubin, N. Thonnard & W. K. Ford,
Astrophys. J. Lett., 225, L107, 1978.
A. Sandage et al.,
Astrophys. J. Lett., 460, 15, 1996.
A. Sandage,
Astrophys. J., 127, 513, 1958.
P. Schechter et al.,
Astrophys. J. Lett., 475, 85, 1997.
D. N. Schramm, in
Astrophysical Ages and Dating Methods,
eds. E. Vangioni-Flam et al. (Edition Frontieres: Paris, 1989).
I. Smail, R. S. Ellis, M. J. Fitchett & A. C. Edge,
Mon. Not. Royal Astr. Soc., 273, 277, 1995.
P. Steinhardt & J. Caldwell, in
The Cosmic Microwave Background and Large Scale
Structure in the Universe eds. Y. I. Byan & K. W. Ng
(ASP Conf. Series 151, 1998), p. 13.
P. Stetson
Publ. Astr. Soc. Pac., 110, 1448, 1998.
R. A. Sunyaev & Y. B. Zel'dovich,
Astrophys. & SS, 4, 301, 1969.
R. A. Sunyaev & Y. B. Zel'dovich,
Astrophys. & SS, 7, 3, 1970.
J. Tonry & M. Franx,
astro-ph/9809064.
V. Trimble,
Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 25, 425, 1987.
S. van den Bergh, in
The Extragalactic Distance Scale,
eds. M. Donahue & M. Livio (Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 1-5.
D. A. Vandenberg, M. Bolte, & P. B. Stetson,
Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 34, 461, 1996.
S. Weinberg,
Rev. Mod. Phys., 61, 1, 1989.
B. E. Westerlund,
The Magellanic Clouds, (Cambridge:
Cambridge Univ. Press, (1997).
S. D. M. White, J. F. Navarro, A. E. Evrard &
C. S. Frenk,
Nature, 366, 429, 1993.
M. White,
Astrophys. J., 1999.
M. Zaldarriaga, D. N. Spergel & U. Seljak,
Astrophys. J., 488, 1, 1997.
F. Zwicky,
Helv. Phys. Acta, 6, 110, 1933.