Contents Previous

REFERENCES

  1. Abrikosov, A. A. [1957], Sov. Phys. JETP 5, 1174 [Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 32, 1442 (1957)]
  2. Achucarro, A. & Vachaspati, T. [2000], Phys. Rept. 327, 347-426; [2000], Phys. Rept. 327, 427. [hep-ph/9904229]
  3. Albrecht, A., Battye, R. & Robinson, J. [1997], Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 4736; Phys. Rev. D59, 023508 (1998).
  4. Albrecht, A., Coulson, D., Ferreira, P. & Magueijo, J. [1995], Imperial Preprint /TP/94-95/30.
  5. Alexander, S., Brandenberger, R., Easther, R. & Sornborger, A. [1999], hep-ph/9903254.
  6. Allen, B. & Shellard, E.P.S. [1990], Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 119.
  7. Avelino, P.P. & Martins, C.J.A.P. [2000], Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 1370.
  8. Avelino, P.P., Shellard, E.P.S., Wu, J.H.P. & Allen, B. [1998], Astrophys. J. 507, L101.
  9. Bartelmann, M. & Schneider, P. [2001], Phys. Rep. 340, 291.
  10. Bhattacharjee, P. & Sigl, G. [2000], Phys. Rep. 327, 109-247.
  11. Battye, R. & Weller, J. [2000], Phys. Rev. D61, 043501.
  12. Benabed, K. & Bernardeau, F. [2000], Phys. Rev. D61, 123510.
  13. Bennett, C.L., et al. [1992], Ap. J. Lett. 396, L7.
  14. Bennett, C.L., et al. [1994], Ap. J. 436, 423.
  15. Bennet, D.P. [1986], Phys. Rev. D33, 872; Phys. Rev. D34, 3592 (1986).
  16. Bennett, D.P. & Bouchet, F.R. [1988], Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 257.
  17. Bennett, D.P. & Rhie, S.H. [1990], Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 1709.
  18. Bennett, D.P. & Rhie, S.H. [1993], Ap. J. Lett. 406, L7.
  19. Bennett, D.P., Rhie, S.H. & Weinberg, D.H. [1993], preprint.
  20. Bennett, D.P., Stebbins, A. & Bouchet, F.R. [1992], Ap. J. Lett. 399, L5.
  21. Blanco-Pillado, J., Vazquez, R. & Zas, E. [1997], Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 3614. [astro-ph/9612010]
  22. Bonazzola, S. & P. Peter [1997], Astroparticle Physics 7, 161-172.
  23. Borrill, J., et al. [1994], Phys. Rev. D50, 2469.
  24. Bouchet, F. R., Bennett, D. P. & Stebbins, A. [1988], Nature 335, 410.
  25. Bouchet, F.R., Peter, P., Riazuelo, A. & Sakellariadou, M. [2001] preprint astro-ph/0005022.
  26. Bowick, M., Chandar, L., Schiff, E. & Srivastava, A. [1994], Science 236, 943.
  27. Brandenberger, R. [1993], Topological Defects and Structure Formation, EPFL lectures, Lausanne, Switzerland.
  28. Brandenberger, R., Carter, B., Davis, A.C. & Trodden, M. [1996], Phys. Rev. D54, 6059.
  29. Brandenberger, R. & Riotto, A. [1998], [hep-ph/9801448]
  30. Bunkov, Y. & Godfrin, H. [2000], (editors) Proceedings of the NATO-ASI on topological defects and non-equilibrium dynamics of symmetry breaking phase transitions (Kluwer, Dordrecht).
  31. Carter, B. [1989] Phys. Lett. B224, 61; Phys. Lett. B228, 466.
  32. Carter, B. [1990], Phys. Rev. D41, 3869.
  33. Carter, B. [1997], Tlaxcala lecture notes, hep-th/9705172.
  34. Carter, B. [1997b], Phys. Lett. B404, 246.
  35. Carter, B. & Davis, A. [2000], Phys. Rev. D61, 123501.
  36. Carter, B. & Peter, P. [1995], Phys. Rev. D52, R1744.
  37. Carter, B., Peter, P. & Gangui, A. [1997], Phys. Rev. D55, 4647. [hep-ph/9609401];
  38. Chuang, I. [1994], private communication, 1994.
  39. Chuang, I., Durrer, R., Turok, N. & Yurke, B. [1991], Science 251, 1336.
  40. Contaldi, C., Hindmarsh, M. & Magueijo, J. [1999], Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 2034.
  41. Copeland, E. [1993], in The physical universe: The interface between cosmology, astrophysics and particle physics, eds. Barrow, J.D., et al. (Sringer-Verlag).
  42. Coulson, D., Ferreira, P., Graham, P. & Turok, N. [1994], Nature 368, 27.
  43. Cowie, L. & Hu, E. [1987], Ap. J.318 L33.
  44. Davis, A. C. & Perkins, W. B. [1997], Phys. Lett. B393, 46.
  45. Davis, S.C., Davis, A. C. & Perkins, W. B. [1997], Phys. Lett. B408, 81.
  46. Davis, R.L. & Shellard, E.P.S. [1988], Phys. Lett. B207, 404.
  47. de Bernardis, P. et al. [2000], Nature 404, 995 [astro-ph/0004404]
  48. de Gennes, P. [1974], The Physics of Liquid Crystals (Clarendon Press, Oxford).
  49. de Laix, A.A. & Vachaspati, T. [1996], Phys. Rev. D54, 4780.
  50. de Zotti, G. et al. [1999], astro-ph/9908058.
  51. Dolan, L. & Jackiw, R. [1974], Phys. Rev. D9, 3320.
  52. Durrer, R. [1994], Fund. of Cosmic Physics 15, 209.
  53. Durrer, R. [2000], in Moriond meeting on Energy Densities in the Universe, astro-ph/0003363.
  54. Durrer, R., Gangui, A. & Sakellariadou, M. [1996], Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 579. [astro-ph/9507035].
  55. Durrer, R. & Zhou, Z.H. [1995], Zürich University Preprint, ZH-TH19/95, astro-ph/9508016.
  56. Durrer, R., Howard, A. & Zhou, Z.H. [1994], Phys. Rev. D49, 681.
  57. Dvali, G., Liu, H. & Vachaspati, T. [1998], Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 2281.
  58. Gangui, A. [2001], Science 291, 837.
  59. Gangui, A., Lucchin, F., Matarrese, S. & Mollerach, S. [1994], Ap. J. 430, 447.
  60. Gangui, A. & Martin, J. [2000a], Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 313, 323. [astro-ph/9908009]
  61. Gangui, A. & Martin, J. [2000b], Phys. Rev. D62, 103004. [astro-ph/0001361]
  62. Gangui, A. & Mollerach, S. [1996], Phys. Rev. D54, 4750-4756. [astro-ph/9601069]
  63. Gangui, A. & Peter, P. [1998], Cosmological and Astrophysical Implications of Superconducting Cosmic Strings and Vortons, in Proceedings of the XXXIIIrd Rencontres de Moriond on `Fundamental Parameters in Cosmology', pages 19 - 24, Editors: J. Tran Thanh Van et al, Editions Frontières, 1998.
  64. Gangui, A., Peter, P. & Boehm, C. [1998], Phys. Rev. D57, 2580. [hep-ph/9705204]
  65. Gangui, A., Peter, P. & Gunzig, E. [1999], Int. Journal of Theor. Physics, 38, 205-216.
  66. Gangui, A., Pogosian, L. & Winitzki, S. [2001a], New Astronomy Reviews, to appear.
  67. Gangui, A., Pogosian, L. & Winitzki, S. [2001b], Phys. Rev. D64, 043001.
  68. Gill, A. & Kibble, T. [1994], Phys. Rev. D50, 3660. [hep-ph/9403395]
  69. Goto, T. [1971], Prog. Theor. Phys. 46, 1560.
  70. Gott, R. [1985], Ap. J., 288, 422.
  71. Guth, A.H. [1981], Phys. Rev. D23, 347.
  72. Guth, A.H. & Pi, S.-Y. [1985], Phys. Rev. D32, 1899.
  73. Guth, A.H. & Tye, S.-H. [1980], Phys. Rev. Lett. 44, 631.
  74. Guth, A.H. & Weinberg, E. [1983], Nucl. Phys. B212, 321.
  75. Halliwell, J.J. [1989], Phys. Rev. D39, 2912.
  76. Hanany, S., et al, Astrophys. J. Lett. accepted (2000), astro-ph/0005123; Jaffe, A.H., et al, astro-ph/0007333.
  77. Hancock, S., Davies, R.D., Lasenby, A.N., Gutierrez de la Cruz, C.M., Watson, R.A., Rebolo, R. & Beckman, J.E. [1994], Nature 367, 333.
  78. N.W. Halverson, et al, 2001, preprint astro-ph/0104489.
  79. Hara T. Mähönen, P. & Miyoshi S. [1993], Ap. J. 414, 421.
  80. Hara T. & Miyoshi S. [1993], Ap. J. 405, 419.
  81. Harrison, R. [1970], Phys. Rev. D1, 2726.
  82. Hedman, M., Barkats, D., Gundersen, J. Staggs, S. & Winstein, B. [2001], Ap. J., 548, L111-L114 [astro-ph/0010592].
  83. Hendry, P.C., Lawson, N.S., Lee, R.A.M., McClintock, P.V.E. & Williams, C.D.H. [1994], Nature 368, 315.
  84. Higgs, P. [1964], Phys. Lett. 12, 132.
  85. Hill, C., Schramm, D. & Walker, T. [1987], Phys. Rev. D36, 1007.
  86. Hilton, P.J. [1953], Introduction to homotopy theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
  87. Hindmarsh M. [1994], Ap. J. 431, 534.
  88. Hindmarsh, M.B. & Kibble, T.W.B. [1995], Rept. Prog. Phys. 58, 477-562 [hep-ph/9411342].
  89. Hu, W., Scott, D. & Silk, J. [1994], Phys. Rev. D49, 648.
  90. Hu, W., Spergel, D. & White, M. [1997], Phys. Rev. D55, 3288-3302.
  91. Huguet, E. & Peter, P. [2000], Astropart. Phys. 12, 277-289.
  92. Kaiser, N. & Stebbins, A. [1984], Nature 310, 391.
  93. Kamionkowski, M., Spergel, D.N. & Sugiyama, N. [1994], Ap. J. Lett. 426, L57.
  94. Kasuya, S. & Kawasaki, M, [1998], Phys. Rev. D58, 083516.
  95. Kibble, T.W.B. [1976], J. Phys. A9, 1387.
  96. Kibble, T.W.B. [1980], Phys. Rep. 67, 183.
  97. Kibble, T.W.B. [1985], Nucl. Phys. B252, 227; B261, 750 (1986).
  98. Kibble, T.W.B., Lazarides, G. & Shafi, Q. [1982], Phys. Lett. B113, 237.
  99. Kirzhnits, D.A. & Linde, A.D. [1974], Sov. Phys. JETP 40, 628.
  100. Kirzhnits, D.A. & Linde, A.D. [1976], Ann. Phys. 101, 195.
  101. Kodama, H. & Sasaki, M. [1984], Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppl. 78, 1.
  102. Kofman, L.A., Linde, A.D. & Starobinskii, A.A. [1985], Phys. Lett. B157, 361.
  103. Kofman, L.A., Linde, A.D. & Starobinskii, A.A. [1994], Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 3195.
  104. Kolb, E.W. & Turner, M.S. [1990], The Early Universe (New York: Addison-Wesley).
  105. Komatsu, E. & Spergel, D. [2000], preprint astro-ph/0005036; Wang, L. & Kamionkowski, M. [2000], Phys. Rev. D61, 063504.
  106. Langacker, P. & Pi, S.-Y. [1980], Phys. Rev. Lett. 45, 1.
  107. Langer, S. [1992], in Solids far from equilibrium, Godrèche, C., ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
  108. Liddle, A. [1995], Phys. Rev. D51, 5347-5351.
  109. Linde, A.D. [1983b], Nucl. Phys. B216, 421.
  110. Linde, A.D. [1990], Particle Physics and Inflationary Cosmology (Harwood, Chur, Switzerland).
  111. Linde, A.D. [1994], Phys. Rev. D49, 748.
  112. Linet, B. [1986], Phys. Rev. D33 1833.
  113. Luo, X. [1994], Ap. J. Lett. 427, L71.
  114. Lucchin, F. & Matarrese, S. [1985], Phys. Rev. D32, 1316.
  115. Magueijo, J. , Albrecht, A. , Ferreira, P. & Coulson, D. [1996], Phys. Rev. D54, 3727-3744.
  116. Magueijo, J. & Brandenberger, R. [2000], Iran lectures on cosmic defects, astro-ph/0002030.
  117. Magueijo, J. & Ferreira, P. [1997], Phys. Rev. D55, 3358.
  118. Martins, C.J.A.P. & Shellard, E.P.S. [1996], Phys. Rev. D54 2535.
  119. Martins, C.J.A.P. & Shellard, E.P.S. [1998], Phys. Rev. D57, 5276. [astro-ph/9706287]
  120. Martins, C.J.A.P. & Shellard, E.P.S. [1998b], Phys. Rev. D57, 7155.
  121. Martins, C.J.A.P. & Shellard, E.P.S. [2000], hep-ph/0003298
  122. Mermin, M. [1979] , Rev. Mod. Phys. 51, 591.
  123. Nambu, Y. [1970], in Proc. Int. Conf. on Symmetries and Quark Models, ed. Chand, R. (New York: Gordon and Breach).
  124. Notzold, D. [1991], Phys. Rev. D43, R961.
  125. Pen, U.-L., Seljak, U. & Turok, N. [1997], Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 1611-1614.
  126. Pen, U.-L., Spergel, D.N. & Turok, N. [1994], Phys. Rev. D49, 692.
  127. Penzias, A.A. & Wilson, R.W. [1965], Ap. J. 142, 419.
  128. Peter, P. [1992], Phys. Rev. D46, 3335.
  129. Peter, P. [1993], Phys. Rev. D47, 3169.
  130. Pogosian, L. [2000], astro-ph/0009307.
  131. Pogosian, L. & Vachaspati, T. [1999], Phys. Rev. D60, 083504.
  132. Pogosian, L. & Vachaspati, T. [2000], Phys. Rev. D62, 105005.
  133. Preskill, J. [1979], Phys. Rev. Lett. 43, 1365.
  134. Rajaraman, R. [1982], Solitons and instantons (Amsterdam: North-Holland).
  135. Sachs, R. & Wolfe, A. [1967], Ap. J. 147, 73.
  136. Scaramella, R. & Vittorio, N. [1991], Ap. J. 375, 439.
  137. Scaramella, R. & Vittorio, N. [1993], M.N.R.A.S. 263, L17.
  138. Scott, D., Srednicki, M. & White, M. [1994], Ap. J. Lett. 421, L5.
  139. Seljak, U., Pen, U.-L. & Turok, N. [1997], Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 1615-1618.
  140. Seljak, U. & Zaldarriaga, M. [1996], Astrophys. J. 469, 437.
  141. Seljak, U. & Zaldarriaga, M. [1997], Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 2054.
  142. Silk, J. [1968], Ap. J. 151, 459.
  143. Silk, J. & Vilenkin, A. [1984], Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 1700.
  144. Smith, G. & Vilenkin, A. [1987], Phys. Rev. D36, 990.
  145. Smoot, G.F., et al. [1992], Ap. J. Lett. 396, L1.
  146. Srednicki, M. [1993], Ap. J. Lett. 416, L1.
  147. Stebbins, A. [1988], Ap. J. 327, 584.
  148. Stebbins, A., et al. [1987], Ap. J. 322, 1.
  149. Steenrod, N. [1951], Topology of Fibre Bundles (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
  150. Tinkham, M. [1995], Introduction To Superconductivity, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill Higher Education, New York.
  151. Tkachev, I., Khlebnikov, S., Kofman, L. & Linde, A. [1998], Phys.Lett. B440, 262-268.
  152. Turok, N. [1989], Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 2625.
  153. Turok, N. [1996], Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 4138-4141; Phys. Rev. D54, 3686-3689
  154. Turok, N., Pen, U.-L. & Seljak, U. [1998], Phys. Rev. D58, 023506.
  155. Turok, N. & Spergel, D.N. [1990], Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 2736.
  156. Turok, N. & Zadrozny, J. [1990], Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 2331.
  157. Vachaspati, T. [2001], ICTP summer school lectures, hep-ph/0101270.
  158. Vachaspati, T. & Vilenkin, A. [1991], Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 1057.
  159. Veeraraghavan, S. & Stebbins, A. [1990], Ap. J. 365, 37.
  160. Vilenkin, A. [1981], Phys. Rev. D23, 852.
  161. Vilenkin, A. [1983], Phys. Rev. D27, 2848.
  162. Vilenkin, A. [1985], Phys. Rep. 121, 263.
  163. Vilenkin, A [1990], Phys. Rev. D41, 3038.
  164. Vilenkin, A. & Shellard, E.P.S. [2000], Cosmic Strings and other Topological Defects, 2nd edition, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
  165. Vollick, D.N. [1992], Phys. Rev. D45, 1884.
  166. Walker, P.N., et al. [1991], Ap. J. 376, 51.
  167. Weinberg, S. [1972], Gravitation and Cosmology (Wiley, New York).
  168. Weinberg, S. [1974], Phys. Rev. D9, 3357.
  169. Weinberg, S., [2000], astro-ph/0006276
  170. White, M., Scott, D. & Silk, J. [1994], Ann. Rev. Astron. and Astrophys. 32, 319.
  171. Wick, S., Kephart, T., Weiler, T. & Biermann, P. [2000], Astropart. Phys. submitted. [astro-ph/0001233]
  172. Witten, E. [1985], Nucl. Phys.B249, 557.
  173. Wu, J.-H.P. et al, preprint astro-ph/9812156.
  174. Yoshida, S. et al. [1995], Astropart. Phys. 3, 105.
  175. Yurke, B. [1994], Physics World, July issue, page 28.
  176. Zaldarriaga, M. & Seljak, U. [1998], Phys. Rev. D58, 023003.
  177. Zel'dovich, Ya.B. [1970], Astron. Astrophys. 5, 84.
  178. Zel'dovich, Ya.B. & Sunyaev, R.A. [1969], Astrophys. Space Sci. 4, 301.
  179. Zurek, W.H. [1982], Phys. Rev. D26, 1862.
  180. Zurek, W.H. [1985], Nature 317, 505.

Contents Previous