REFERENCES
-
Abrikosov, A. A.
[1957], Sov. Phys. JETP 5, 1174
[Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 32, 1442 (1957)]
-
Achucarro, A. & Vachaspati, T.
[2000], Phys. Rept. 327, 347-426;
[2000], Phys. Rept. 327, 427.
[hep-ph/9904229]
-
Albrecht, A., Battye, R. & Robinson, J.
[1997], Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 4736;
Phys. Rev. D59, 023508 (1998).
-
Albrecht, A., Coulson, D., Ferreira, P. & Magueijo, J.
[1995], Imperial Preprint /TP/94-95/30.
-
Alexander, S., Brandenberger, R., Easther, R. & Sornborger, A.
[1999], hep-ph/9903254.
-
Allen, B. & Shellard, E.P.S.
[1990], Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 119.
-
Avelino, P.P. & Martins, C.J.A.P.
[2000], Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 1370.
-
Avelino, P.P., Shellard, E.P.S., Wu, J.H.P. & Allen, B.
[1998], Astrophys. J. 507, L101.
-
Bartelmann, M. & Schneider, P.
[2001], Phys. Rep. 340, 291.
-
Bhattacharjee, P. & Sigl, G.
[2000], Phys. Rep. 327, 109-247.
-
Battye, R. & Weller, J.
[2000], Phys. Rev. D61, 043501.
-
Benabed, K. & Bernardeau, F.
[2000], Phys. Rev. D61, 123510.
-
Bennett, C.L., et al.
[1992], Ap. J. Lett. 396, L7.
-
Bennett, C.L., et al.
[1994], Ap. J. 436, 423.
-
Bennet, D.P.
[1986], Phys. Rev. D33, 872;
Phys. Rev. D34, 3592 (1986).
-
Bennett, D.P. & Bouchet, F.R.
[1988], Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 257.
-
Bennett, D.P. & Rhie, S.H.
[1990], Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 1709.
-
Bennett, D.P. & Rhie, S.H.
[1993], Ap. J. Lett. 406, L7.
-
Bennett, D.P., Rhie, S.H. & Weinberg, D.H. [1993], preprint.
-
Bennett, D.P., Stebbins, A. & Bouchet, F.R.
[1992], Ap. J. Lett. 399, L5.
-
Blanco-Pillado, J., Vazquez, R. & Zas, E.
[1997], Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 3614.
[astro-ph/9612010]
-
Bonazzola, S. & P. Peter
[1997], Astroparticle Physics 7, 161-172.
-
Borrill, J., et al.
[1994], Phys. Rev. D50, 2469.
-
Bouchet, F. R., Bennett, D. P. & Stebbins, A.
[1988], Nature 335, 410.
-
Bouchet, F.R., Peter, P., Riazuelo, A. & Sakellariadou, M. [2001]
preprint astro-ph/0005022.
-
Bowick, M., Chandar, L., Schiff, E. & Srivastava, A.
[1994], Science 236, 943.
-
Brandenberger, R.
[1993], Topological Defects and Structure Formation,
EPFL lectures, Lausanne, Switzerland.
-
Brandenberger, R., Carter, B., Davis, A.C. & Trodden, M.
[1996], Phys. Rev. D54, 6059.
-
Brandenberger, R. & Riotto, A.
[1998], [hep-ph/9801448]
-
Bunkov, Y. & Godfrin, H. [2000], (editors)
Proceedings of the NATO-ASI on topological defects and non-equilibrium
dynamics of symmetry breaking phase transitions (Kluwer, Dordrecht).
-
Carter, B.
[1989] Phys. Lett. B224, 61;
Phys. Lett. B228, 466.
-
Carter, B.
[1990], Phys. Rev. D41, 3869.
-
Carter, B. [1997], Tlaxcala lecture notes,
hep-th/9705172.
-
Carter, B.
[1997b], Phys. Lett. B404, 246.
-
Carter, B. & Davis, A.
[2000], Phys. Rev. D61, 123501.
-
Carter, B. & Peter, P.
[1995], Phys. Rev. D52, R1744.
-
Carter, B., Peter, P. & Gangui, A.
[1997], Phys. Rev. D55, 4647.
[hep-ph/9609401];
-
Chuang, I. [1994], private communication, 1994.
-
Chuang, I., Durrer, R., Turok, N. & Yurke, B.
[1991], Science 251, 1336.
-
Contaldi, C., Hindmarsh, M. & Magueijo, J.
[1999], Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 2034.
-
Copeland, E. [1993], in
The physical universe: The interface
between cosmology, astrophysics and particle physics, eds. Barrow,
J.D., et al. (Sringer-Verlag).
-
Coulson, D., Ferreira, P., Graham, P. & Turok, N.
[1994], Nature 368, 27.
-
Cowie, L. & Hu, E.
[1987], Ap. J.318 L33.
-
Davis, A. C. & Perkins, W. B.
[1997], Phys. Lett. B393, 46.
-
Davis, S.C., Davis, A. C. & Perkins, W. B.
[1997], Phys. Lett. B408, 81.
-
Davis, R.L. & Shellard, E.P.S.
[1988], Phys. Lett. B207, 404.
-
de Bernardis, P. et al.
[2000], Nature 404, 995
[astro-ph/0004404]
-
de Gennes, P.
[1974], The Physics of Liquid Crystals
(Clarendon Press, Oxford).
-
de Laix, A.A. & Vachaspati, T.
[1996], Phys. Rev. D54, 4780.
-
de Zotti, G. et al.
[1999], astro-ph/9908058.
-
Dolan, L. & Jackiw, R.
[1974], Phys. Rev. D9, 3320.
-
Durrer, R.
[1994], Fund. of Cosmic Physics 15, 209.
-
Durrer, R. [2000],
in Moriond meeting on Energy Densities in the Universe,
astro-ph/0003363.
-
Durrer, R., Gangui, A. & Sakellariadou, M.
[1996], Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 579.
[astro-ph/9507035].
-
Durrer, R. & Zhou, Z.H. [1995], Zürich University Preprint,
ZH-TH19/95, astro-ph/9508016.
-
Durrer, R., Howard, A. & Zhou, Z.H.
[1994], Phys. Rev. D49, 681.
-
Dvali, G., Liu, H. & Vachaspati, T.
[1998], Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 2281.
-
Gangui, A.
[2001], Science 291, 837.
-
Gangui, A., Lucchin, F., Matarrese, S. & Mollerach, S.
[1994], Ap. J. 430, 447.
-
Gangui, A. & Martin, J.
[2000a], Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 313, 323.
[astro-ph/9908009]
-
Gangui, A. & Martin, J.
[2000b], Phys. Rev. D62, 103004.
[astro-ph/0001361]
-
Gangui, A. & Mollerach, S.
[1996], Phys. Rev. D54, 4750-4756.
[astro-ph/9601069]
-
Gangui, A. & Peter, P.
[1998], Cosmological and Astrophysical Implications of Superconducting
Cosmic Strings and Vortons, in
Proceedings of the XXXIIIrd Rencontres de Moriond on
`Fundamental Parameters in Cosmology',
pages 19 - 24, Editors: J. Tran Thanh Van et al,
Editions Frontières, 1998.
-
Gangui, A., Peter, P. & Boehm, C.
[1998], Phys. Rev. D57, 2580.
[hep-ph/9705204]
-
Gangui, A., Peter, P. & Gunzig, E.
[1999], Int. Journal of Theor. Physics, 38, 205-216.
-
Gangui, A., Pogosian, L. & Winitzki, S.
[2001a], New Astronomy Reviews, to appear.
-
Gangui, A., Pogosian, L. & Winitzki, S.
[2001b], Phys. Rev. D64, 043001.
-
Gill, A. & Kibble, T.
[1994], Phys. Rev. D50, 3660.
[hep-ph/9403395]
-
Goto, T.
[1971], Prog. Theor. Phys. 46, 1560.
-
Gott, R.
[1985], Ap. J., 288, 422.
-
Guth, A.H.
[1981], Phys. Rev. D23, 347.
-
Guth, A.H. & Pi, S.-Y.
[1985], Phys. Rev. D32, 1899.
-
Guth, A.H. & Tye, S.-H.
[1980], Phys. Rev. Lett. 44, 631.
-
Guth, A.H. & Weinberg, E.
[1983], Nucl. Phys. B212, 321.
-
Halliwell, J.J.
[1989], Phys. Rev. D39, 2912.
-
Hanany, S., et al,
Astrophys. J. Lett. accepted (2000),
astro-ph/0005123;
Jaffe, A.H., et al,
astro-ph/0007333.
-
Hancock, S., Davies, R.D., Lasenby, A.N., Gutierrez de la Cruz,
C.M., Watson, R.A., Rebolo, R. & Beckman, J.E.
[1994], Nature 367, 333.
-
N.W. Halverson, et al, 2001, preprint
astro-ph/0104489.
-
Hara T. Mähönen, P. & Miyoshi S.
[1993], Ap. J. 414, 421.
-
Hara T. & Miyoshi S.
[1993], Ap. J. 405, 419.
-
Harrison, R.
[1970], Phys. Rev. D1, 2726.
-
Hedman, M., Barkats, D., Gundersen, J. Staggs, S. & Winstein, B.
[2001], Ap. J., 548, L111-L114
[astro-ph/0010592].
-
Hendry, P.C., Lawson, N.S., Lee, R.A.M., McClintock, P.V.E. &
Williams, C.D.H.
[1994], Nature 368, 315.
-
Higgs, P.
[1964], Phys. Lett. 12, 132.
-
Hill, C., Schramm, D. & Walker, T. [1987],
Phys. Rev. D36, 1007.
-
Hilton, P.J. [1953], Introduction to homotopy theory
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
-
Hindmarsh M.
[1994], Ap. J. 431, 534.
-
Hindmarsh, M.B. & Kibble, T.W.B.
[1995], Rept. Prog. Phys. 58, 477-562
[hep-ph/9411342].
-
Hu, W., Scott, D. & Silk, J.
[1994], Phys. Rev. D49, 648.
-
Hu, W., Spergel, D. & White, M.
[1997], Phys. Rev. D55, 3288-3302.
-
Huguet, E. & Peter, P.
[2000], Astropart. Phys. 12, 277-289.
-
Kaiser, N. & Stebbins, A.
[1984], Nature 310, 391.
-
Kamionkowski, M., Spergel, D.N. & Sugiyama, N.
[1994], Ap. J. Lett. 426, L57.
-
Kasuya, S. & Kawasaki, M,
[1998], Phys. Rev. D58, 083516.
-
Kibble, T.W.B.
[1976], J. Phys. A9, 1387.
-
Kibble, T.W.B.
[1980], Phys. Rep. 67, 183.
-
Kibble, T.W.B.
[1985], Nucl. Phys. B252, 227;
B261, 750 (1986).
-
Kibble, T.W.B., Lazarides, G. & Shafi, Q.
[1982], Phys. Lett. B113, 237.
-
Kirzhnits, D.A. & Linde, A.D.
[1974], Sov. Phys. JETP 40, 628.
-
Kirzhnits, D.A. & Linde, A.D.
[1976], Ann. Phys. 101, 195.
-
Kodama, H. & Sasaki, M.
[1984], Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppl. 78, 1.
-
Kofman, L.A., Linde, A.D. & Starobinskii, A.A.
[1985], Phys. Lett. B157, 361.
-
Kofman, L.A., Linde, A.D. & Starobinskii, A.A.
[1994], Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 3195.
-
Kolb, E.W. & Turner, M.S.
[1990], The Early Universe (New York:
Addison-Wesley).
-
Komatsu, E. & Spergel, D. [2000],
preprint astro-ph/0005036;
Wang, L. & Kamionkowski, M.
[2000], Phys. Rev. D61, 063504.
-
Langacker, P. & Pi, S.-Y.
[1980], Phys. Rev. Lett. 45, 1.
-
Langer, S. [1992], in
Solids far from equilibrium, Godrèche,
C., ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
-
Liddle, A.
[1995], Phys. Rev. D51, 5347-5351.
-
Linde, A.D.
[1983b], Nucl. Phys. B216, 421.
-
Linde, A.D.
[1990], Particle Physics and Inflationary Cosmology
(Harwood, Chur, Switzerland).
-
Linde, A.D.
[1994], Phys. Rev. D49, 748.
-
Linet, B.
[1986], Phys. Rev. D33 1833.
-
Luo, X.
[1994], Ap. J. Lett. 427, L71.
-
Lucchin, F. & Matarrese, S.
[1985], Phys. Rev. D32, 1316.
-
Magueijo, J. , Albrecht, A. , Ferreira, P. & Coulson, D.
[1996], Phys. Rev. D54, 3727-3744.
-
Magueijo, J. & Brandenberger, R. [2000],
Iran lectures on cosmic defects,
astro-ph/0002030.
-
Magueijo, J. & Ferreira, P.
[1997], Phys. Rev. D55, 3358.
-
Martins, C.J.A.P. & Shellard, E.P.S.
[1996], Phys. Rev. D54 2535.
-
Martins, C.J.A.P. & Shellard, E.P.S.
[1998], Phys. Rev. D57, 5276.
[astro-ph/9706287]
-
Martins, C.J.A.P. & Shellard, E.P.S.
[1998b], Phys. Rev. D57, 7155.
-
Martins, C.J.A.P. & Shellard, E.P.S.
[2000], hep-ph/0003298
-
Mermin, M.
[1979] , Rev. Mod. Phys. 51, 591.
-
Nambu, Y. [1970],
in Proc. Int. Conf. on Symmetries and Quark Models, ed. Chand, R.
(New York: Gordon and Breach).
-
Notzold, D.
[1991], Phys. Rev. D43, R961.
-
Pen, U.-L., Seljak, U. & Turok, N.
[1997], Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 1611-1614.
-
Pen, U.-L., Spergel, D.N. & Turok, N.
[1994], Phys. Rev. D49, 692.
-
Penzias, A.A. & Wilson, R.W.
[1965], Ap. J. 142, 419.
-
Peter, P.
[1992], Phys. Rev. D46, 3335.
-
Peter, P.
[1993], Phys. Rev. D47, 3169.
-
Pogosian, L. [2000],
astro-ph/0009307.
-
Pogosian, L. & Vachaspati, T.
[1999], Phys. Rev. D60, 083504.
-
Pogosian, L. & Vachaspati, T.
[2000], Phys. Rev. D62, 105005.
-
Preskill, J.
[1979], Phys. Rev. Lett. 43, 1365.
-
Rajaraman, R.
[1982], Solitons and instantons
(Amsterdam: North-Holland).
-
Sachs, R. & Wolfe, A.
[1967], Ap. J. 147, 73.
-
Scaramella, R. & Vittorio, N.
[1991], Ap. J. 375, 439.
-
Scaramella, R. & Vittorio, N.
[1993], M.N.R.A.S. 263, L17.
-
Scott, D., Srednicki, M. & White, M.
[1994], Ap. J. Lett. 421, L5.
-
Seljak, U., Pen, U.-L. & Turok, N.
[1997], Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 1615-1618.
-
Seljak, U. & Zaldarriaga, M.
[1996], Astrophys. J. 469, 437.
-
Seljak, U. & Zaldarriaga, M.
[1997], Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 2054.
-
Silk, J.
[1968], Ap. J. 151, 459.
-
Silk, J. & Vilenkin, A.
[1984], Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 1700.
-
Smith, G. & Vilenkin, A.
[1987], Phys. Rev. D36, 990.
-
Smoot, G.F., et al.
[1992], Ap. J. Lett. 396, L1.
-
Srednicki, M.
[1993], Ap. J. Lett. 416, L1.
-
Stebbins, A.
[1988], Ap. J. 327, 584.
-
Stebbins, A., et al.
[1987], Ap. J. 322, 1.
-
Steenrod, N.
[1951], Topology of Fibre Bundles
(Princeton: Princeton University Press).
-
Tinkham, M.
[1995], Introduction To Superconductivity, 2nd edition,
McGraw-Hill Higher Education, New York.
-
Tkachev, I., Khlebnikov, S., Kofman, L. & Linde, A.
[1998], Phys.Lett. B440, 262-268.
-
Turok, N.
[1989], Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 2625.
-
Turok, N.
[1996], Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 4138-4141;
Phys. Rev. D54, 3686-3689
-
Turok, N., Pen, U.-L. & Seljak, U.
[1998], Phys. Rev. D58, 023506.
-
Turok, N. & Spergel, D.N.
[1990], Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 2736.
-
Turok, N. & Zadrozny, J.
[1990], Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 2331.
-
Vachaspati, T. [2001], ICTP summer school lectures,
hep-ph/0101270.
-
Vachaspati, T. & Vilenkin, A.
[1991], Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 1057.
-
Veeraraghavan, S. & Stebbins, A.
[1990], Ap. J. 365, 37.
-
Vilenkin, A.
[1981], Phys. Rev. D23, 852.
-
Vilenkin, A.
[1983], Phys. Rev. D27, 2848.
-
Vilenkin, A.
[1985], Phys. Rep. 121, 263.
-
Vilenkin, A
[1990], Phys. Rev. D41, 3038.
-
Vilenkin, A. & Shellard, E.P.S.
[2000], Cosmic Strings and other Topological Defects, 2nd
edition, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
-
Vollick, D.N.
[1992], Phys. Rev. D45, 1884.
-
Walker, P.N., et al.
[1991], Ap. J. 376, 51.
-
Weinberg, S.
[1972], Gravitation and Cosmology (Wiley, New York).
-
Weinberg, S.
[1974], Phys. Rev. D9, 3357.
-
Weinberg, S., [2000],
astro-ph/0006276
-
White, M., Scott, D. & Silk, J.
[1994], Ann. Rev. Astron. and Astrophys. 32, 319.
-
Wick, S., Kephart, T., Weiler, T. & Biermann, P. [2000],
Astropart. Phys. submitted.
[astro-ph/0001233]
-
Witten, E.
[1985], Nucl. Phys.B249, 557.
-
Wu, J.-H.P. et al, preprint
astro-ph/9812156.
-
Yoshida, S. et al.
[1995], Astropart. Phys. 3, 105.
-
Yurke, B.
[1994], Physics World, July issue, page 28.
-
Zaldarriaga, M. & Seljak, U.
[1998], Phys. Rev. D58, 023003.
-
Zel'dovich, Ya.B.
[1970], Astron. Astrophys. 5, 84.
-
Zel'dovich, Ya.B. & Sunyaev, R.A.
[1969], Astrophys. Space Sci. 4, 301.
-
Zurek, W.H.
[1982], Phys. Rev. D26, 1862.
-
Zurek, W.H.
[1985], Nature 317, 505.