Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 2001. 39: 249-307 Copyright © 2001 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved

REFERENCES

1. Aguirre A, Haiman Z. 2000. Ap. J. 532:28-36
2. Allamandola LJ, Tielens AGGM, Barker JR. 1985. Ap. J. 290:L25-8
3. Almaini O, Lawrence A, Boyle BJ. 1999. MNRAS 305:L59-63
4. Altieri B, Metcalfe L, Kneib JP, McBreen B, Aussel H, et al. 1999. Astron. Astrophys. 343:L65-69
5. Amelino-Camelia G, Ellis J, Mavromatos NE, Nanoloulos DV, Sarkar S. 1998. Nature 393:763-5
6. Antonucci R. 1993. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 31:473-521
7. Arendt RG, Odegard N, Weiland JL, Sodroski TJ, Hauser MG, et al. 1998. Ap. J. 508:74-105
8. Aussel H, Cesarsky CJ, Elbaz D, Starck JL. 1999. Astron. Astrophys. 342:313-36
9. Barger AJ, Cowie LL, Mushotzky RF, Richards EA. 2001. Astron. J. 121:662-82
10. Barger AJ, Cowie LL, Richards EA. 2000. Astron. J. 119:2092-109
11. Barger AJ, Cowie LL, Sanders DB. 1999a. Ap. J. 518:L5-8
12. Barger AJ, Cowie LL, Sanders DB, Fulton E, Taniguchi Y, et al 1998. Nature 394:248-51
13. Barger AJ, Cowie LL, Smail I, Ivison RJ, Blain AW, Kneib JP. 1999b. Astron. J. 117:2656-65
14. Bednarek W, Protheroe RJ. 1999. MNRAS 310:577-84
15. Beichman CA. 1987. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 25:521-63
16. Beichman CA, Helou G. 1991. Ap. J. 370:L1-4
17. Beichman CA, Neugebauer G, Habing HJ, Clegg PE, Chester TJ, eds. 1988. IRAS Explanatory Supplement, NASA RP-1190:VI.B.3. Washington: US Govt. Print. Off.
18. Bennett CL, Fixsen DJ, Hinshaw G, Mather JC, Moseley SH, et al. 1994. Ap. J. 434:587-98
19. Bernstein RA. 1999. In The Hy-Redshift Universe, ASP Conf. Ser. 193, ed. AJ Bunker, WJM van Bruegel, pp. 487-97. San Francisco: Astron. Soc. Pac.
20. Bertin E, Dennefeld M, Moshir M. 1997. Astron. Astrophys. 323:685-96
21. Biller SD, Akerlof CW, Buckley J, Cawley MF, Chantell M, et al. 1995. Ap. J. 445:227-30
22. Biller SD, Buckley J, Burdett A, Bussons Gordo J, Carter-Lewis DA, et al. 1998. Phys. Rev. Lett. 80:2992-95
23. Binggeli B, Sandage A, Tammann GA. 1988. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 26:509-60
24. Blain AW, Jameson A, Smail I, Longair MS, Kneib JP, Ivison RJ. 1999a. MNRAS 309:715-30
25. Blain AW, Kneib JP, Ivison RJ, Smail I. 1999b. Ap. J. 512:L87-90
26. Blain AW, Longair MS. 1993. MNRAS 264:509-21
27. Blain AW, Smail I, Ivison RJ, Kneib JP. 1999c. MNRAS 302:632-48
28. Boggess NW, Mather JC, Weiss R, Bennett CL, Cheng ES, et al. 1992. Ap. J. 397:420-9
29. Boldt E. 1987. Physics Reports 146:215-57
30. Bond JR, Carr BJ, Hogan CJ. 1986. Ap. J. 306:428-50
31. Bond JR, Carr BJ, Hogan CJ. 1991. Ap. J. 367:420-54
32. Böttcher M, Dermer CD. 1995. Astron. Astrophys. 302:37-44
33. Boughn SP, Saulson PR, Uson JM. 1986. Ap. J. 301:17-22
34. Boulanger F, Pérault M. 1988. Ap. J. 330:964-85
35. Bowyer S. 1991. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 29:59-88
36. Bowyer S, Leinert C, eds. 1990. IAU Symposium 139. The Galactic and Extragalactic Background Radiation. Dordrecht: Kluwer. 506 pp.
37. Bridle AH. 1967. MNRAS 136:219-40
38. Brodd S, Fixsen DJ, Jensen KA, Mather JC, Shafer RA, eds. 1997. COBE Far Infrared Absolute Spectrophotometer (FIRAS) Explanatory Supplement. COBE Ref. Pub. 97-C. Greenbelt, MD: NASA GSFC
39. Brown TM, Kimble RA, Ferguson HC, Gardner JP, Collins NR, Hill RS. 2000. Astron. J. 120:1153-59
40. Bruzual GA, Charlot S. 1993. Ap. J. 405:538-53
41. Burigana C, Popa L. 1998. Astron. Astrophys. 334:420-26
42. Burrows A, Liebert J. 1993. Rev. Mod. Phys. 65:301-36
43. Calzetti D, Heckman TM. 1999. Ap. J. 519:27-47
44. Calzetti D, Kinney AL, Storchi-Bergmann T. 1994. Ap. J. 429:582-601
45. Calzetti D, Livio M, Madau P, eds. 1995. Extragalactic Background Radiation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 293 pp.
46. Catanese M, Weekes TC. 1999. PASP 111:1193-1222
47. Clements DL, Désert FX, Franceschini A, Reach WT, Baker AC, et al. 1999. Astron. Astrophys. 346:383-91
48. Cohen M. 1997. In Diffuse Infrared Radiation and the IRTS. ASP Conf. Ser. 124, ed. H Okuda, T Matsumoto, TL Roellig, pp. 61-66. San Francisco: Astron. Soc. Pac.
49. Cole S, Aragón-Salamanca A, Frenk CS, Navarro JF, Zepf SE. 1994. MNRAS 271:781-806
50. Cole S, Lacey CG, Baugh CM, Frenk CS. 2000. MNRAS 319:168-204
51. Coleman GD, Wu C-C, Weedman DW. 1980. Ap. J. Suppl. 43:393-416
52. Comastri A, Setti G, Zamorani G, Hasinger G. 1995. Astron. Astrophys. 296:1-12
53. Coppi PS, Aharonian FA. 1999. Astropart. Phys. 11:35-39
54. Cutri RM, Skrutskie MF, Van Dyk S, Chester T, Evans T, et al. 2000. Explanatory Supplement to the 2MASS Second Incremental Data Release, http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/2mass/releases/second/doc/explsup.html
55. Dale DA, Helou G, Contursi A, Silbermann NA, Kolhatkar, S. 2001. Ap. J. 549:215-27
56. De Jager OC, Stecker FW, Salamon MH. 1994. Nature 369:294-96
57. Dermer CD, Sturner SJ, Schlickeiser R. 1997. Ap. J. Suppl. 109:103-37
58. Devriendt JEG, Guiderdoni B. 2000. Astron. Astrophys. 363:851-62
59. Devriendt JEG, Guiderdoni B, Sadat R. 1999. Astron. Astrophys. 350:381-98
60. Disney M, Davies J, Phillipps S. 1989. MNRAS 239:939-76
61. Dube RR, Wickes, WC, Wilkinson DT. 1979. Ap. J. 232:333-40
62. Dwek E, ed. 1996. AIP Conf. Proc. 348, Unveiling the Cosmic Infrared Background. Woodbury: AIP. 354 pp.
63. Dwek E. 1998. Ap. J. 501:643-65
64. Dwek E. 2001. See Harwit & Hauser 2001, pp. 389-400.
65. Dwek E, Arendt RG. 1998. Ap. J. 508:L9-12
66. Dwek E, Arendt RG, Hauser MG, Fixsen D, Kelsall T, et al. 1998. Ap. J. 508:106-22
67. Dwek E, Fioc M, Városi F. 2000. See Lemke, Stickel & Wilke 2000, pp. 157-65
68. Dwek E, Slavin J. 1994. Ap. J. 436:696-704
69. Dwek E, Városi F. 1996. See Dwek 1996, pp. 237-48
70. Edelstein J, Bowyer S, Lampton M. 2000. Ap. J. 539:187-90
71. Efstathiou A, Rowan-Robinson M, Siebenmorgen R. 2000. MNRAS 313:734-44
72. Elbaz D, Cesarsky CJ, Fadda D, Aussel H, Désert FX, et al. 1999. Astron. Astrophys. 351:L37-40
73. Fabian AC, Barcons X. 1992. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 30:429-56
74. Fabian AC, Iwasawa K. 1999. MNRAS 303:L34-36
75. Fall SM. 2001. See Harwit & Hauser 2001, pp. 401-12
76. Fall SM, Charlot S, Pei YC. 1996. Ap. J. 464:L43-46
77. Fall SM, Pei YC. 1993. Ap. J. 402:479-92
78. Fang F, Shupe DL, Xu C, Hacking PB. 1998. Ap. J. 500:693-702
79. Finkbeiner DP, Davis M, Schlegel DJ. 2000. Ap. J. 544:81-97
80. Fioc M, Rocca-Volmerange B. 1997. Astron. Astrophys. 326:950-62
81. Fischer J. 2000. In ISO Beyond the Peaks, Proceedings of the Second ISO Workshop on Analytical Spectroscopy, ed. A Salama, M Kessler, K Leech, B Schultz, pp. 239-44. Noordwijk, The Netherlands: ESA SP-456. 389 pp.
82. Fixsen DJ, Cheng ES, Cottingham DA, Eplee RE Jr., Hewagama T, et al. 1994. Ap. J. 420:457-73
83. Fixsen DJ, Cheng ES, Gales JM, Mather JC, Shafer RA, Wright EL. 1996. Ap. J. 473:576-87
84. Fixsen DJ, Dwek E, Mather JC, Bennett CL, Shafer, RA. 1998. Ap. J. 508:123-28
85. Fixsen DJ, Weiland JL, Brodd S, Hauser MG, Kelsall T, et al. 1997. Ap. J. 490:482-87
86. Franceschini A. 2001. In Proc. of the XI Canary Islands Winter School Of Astrophysics, Galaxies at High Redshift, I Perez-Fournon, M Balcells, F Moreno-Insertis, F Sanchez, ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. astro-ph/0009121
87. Franceschini A, Mazzei P, De Zotti G, Danese L. 1994. Ap. J. 427:140-54
88. Franceschini A, Toffolatt L, Mazzei P, de Zotti, G. 1991. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 89:285-310
89. Funk B, Magnussen N, Meyer H, Rhode W, Westerhoff S, Wiebel-Sooth B. 1998. Astroparticle Phys. 9:97-103
90. Gardner JP, Brown TM, Ferguson HC. 2000. Ap. J. 542:L79-82
91. Gautier TN III, Boulanger F, Pérault M, Puget J-L. 1992. Astron. J. 103:1313-24
92. Genzel R, Cesarsky CJ. 2000. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 38:761-814
93. Giacconi R, Gursky H, Paolini F, Rossi B. 1962. Phys. Rev. Lett. 9:439-43
94. Gispert R, Lagache G, Puget JL. 2000. Astron. Astrophys. 360:1-9
95. Gorjian V, Wright EL, Chary RR. 2000. Ap. J. 536:550-60
96. Gould RJ, Schréder G. 1966. Phys. Rev. Lett. 16:252-4
97. Granato GL, Danese L, Franceschini A. 1997. Ap. J. 486:147-59
98. Gregorich DT, Neugebauer G, Soifer BT, Gunn JE, Herter T. 1995. Astron. J. 110:259-67
99. Grupe D, Beuermann K, Thomas HC, Mannheim K, Kink HH. 1998. Astron. Astrophys. 330:25-36
100. Guiderdoni B, Hivon E, Bouchet FR, Maffei B. 1998. MNRAS 295:877-98
101. Guiderdoni B, Rocca-Volmerange B. 1987. Astron. Astrophys. 186:1-21
102. Gunn KF, Shanks T. 2001. MNRAS submitted (astro-ph/9909089)
103. Guy J, Renault C, Aharonian FA, Rivoal M, Tavernet J-P. 2000. Astron. Astrophys. 359:419-28
104. Haarsma DB, Partridge RB. 1998. Ap. J. 503:L5-8
105. Haarsma DB, Partridge RB, Windhorst RA, Richards EA. 2000. Ap. J. 544:641-58
106. Haas M, Chini R, Kreysa E. 1998. Ap. J. 503:L109-13
107. Hacking PB, Houck JR. 1987. Ap. J. Suppl. 63:311-33
108. Hacking PB, Soifer BT. 1991. Ap. J. 367:L49-53
109. Harrison E. 1990. The Dark Night-Sky Riddle, "Olbers's Paradox". See Bowyer & Leinert 1990, pp. 3-17
110. Harwit M. 1970. Rivista del Nuovo Cimento II:253-77
111. Harwit M. 1999. Ap. J. 510:L83-86
112. Harwit M, Hauser MG, ed. 2001. IAU Symposium 204, The Extragalactic Infrared Background and its Cosmological Implications. San Francisco: Astron. Soc. Pac. Conf. Ser., vol. 204. 526 pp.
113. Harwit M, Protheroe RJ, Bierman PL. 1999. Ap. J. 524:L91-94
114. Hasinger G, Burg R, Giacconi R, Schmidt M, Trumper J, Zamorani G. 1998. Astron. Astrophys. 329:482-94
115. Hauser MG, Arendt RG, Kelsall T, Dwek E, Odegard N, et al. 1998. Ap. J. 508:25-43
116. Hauser MG, Gillett FC, Low FJ, Gautier TN, Beichman CA, et al. 1984. Ap. J. 278:L15-18
117. Hauser MG, Kelsall T, Leisawitz D, Weiland J, eds. 1997. COBE Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE) Explanatory Supplement. COBE Ref. Pub. 97-A. Greenbelt, MD: NASA GSFC.
118. Helou G. 1991. In The Interpretation of Modern Synthesis Observations of Spiral Galaxies, ed. N Duric, PC Crane, pp 125-33. San Francisco: Astron. Soc. Pac. 275 pp.
119. Helou G. 2001. See Harwit & Hauser 2001, pp. 161-78
120. Helou G, Lu NY, Werner MW, Malhotra S, Silbermann N. 2000. Ap. J. 532:L21-24
121. Henry RC. 1991. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 29:89-127
122. Henry RC. 1999. Ap. J. 516:L49-52
123. Heyl J, Colless M, Ellis RS, Broadhurst T. 1997. MNRAS 285:613-34
124. Holt SS, Bennett CL, Trimble V, eds. 1991. AIP Conf. Proc. 222, After the First Three Minutes. New York: AIP. 629 pp.
125. Hughes DH, Serjeant S, Dunlop J, Rowan-Robinson M, Blain A, et al 1998. Nature 394:241-47
126. Isobe T, Feigelson ED. 1992. Ap. J. Suppl. 79:197-211
127. Ivison RJ, Smail I, Barger AJ, Kneib JP, Blain AW, et al. 2000. MNRAS 315:209-22
128. Jansen RA, Fabricant D, Franx M, Caldwell N. 2000. Ap. J. Suppl. 126:331-97
129. Jelley JV. 1966. Phys. Rev. Lett. 16:479-81
130. Jimenez R, Kashlinsky A. 1999. Ap. J. 511:16-33
131. Juvela M, Mattila K, Lemke D. 2000. Astron. Astrophys. 360:813-32
132. Kafatos M, Kondo Y, eds. 1996. IAU Symposium 168, Examining the Big Bang and Diffuse Background Radiations. Dordrecht: Kluwer. 586 pp.
133. Karimabadi H, Blitz L. 1984. Ap. J. 283:169-73
134. Kashlinsky A, Mather JC, Odenwald S, Hauser MG. 1996a. Ap. J. 470:681-705
135. Kashlinsky A, Mather JC, Odenwald S. 1996b. Ap. J. 473:L9-12
136. Kashlinsky A, Odenwald S. 2000. Ap. J. 528:74-95
137. Kauffmann G, White SDM, Guiderdoni B. 1993. MNRAS 264:201-218
138. Kaufman M. 1976. Astrophys. Sp. Sci. 40:369-84
139. Kawada M, Bock JJ, Christov VV, Lange AE, Matsuhara H, et al. 1994. Ap. J. 425:L89-92
140. Kawara K, Sato Y, Matsuhara H, Taniguchi Y, Okuda H, et al. 1998. Astron. Astrophys. 336:L9-12
141. Kelsall T, Weiland JL, Franz BA, Reach WT, Arendt RG, et al. 1998. Ap. J. 508:44-73
142. Kennicutt RC. 1992. Ap. J. Suppl. 79:255-84
143. Kennicutt RC. 1998. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 36:189-231
144. Kifune T. 1999. Ap. J. 518:L21-24
145. Kinney AL, Calzetti D, Bohlin RC, McQuade K, Storchi-Bergmann T, Schmitt HR. 1996. Ap. J. 467:38-60
146. Kleinmann DE, Low FJ. 1970. Ap. J. 159:L165-72
147. Konopelko AK, Kirk JG, Stecker FW, Mastichiadis A. 1999. Ap. J. 518:L13-15
148. Lagache G, Abergel A, Boulanger F, Désert FX, Puget J-L. 1999. Astron. Astrophys. 344:322-32
149. Lagache G, Haffner LM, Reynolds RJ, Tufte SL. 2000. Astron. Astrophys. 354:247-52
150. Lagache G, Puget JL. 2000. Astron. Astrophys. 355:17-22
151. Lawrence A, ed. 1988. Lecture Notes in Physics vol. 297, Comets to Cosmology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 415 pp.
152. Lawrence A, Walker D, Rowan-Robinson M, Leech KJ, Penston MV. 1986. MNRAS 219:687-701
153. Leinert C, Bowyer S, Haikala L, Hanner M, Hauser MG, et al. 1998. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 127:1-99
154. Leitherer C, Alloin D, Alvensleben UF, Gallagher JS, Huchra JP, et al. 1996. PASP 108:996-1017
155. Lemke D, Stickel M, Wilke K, eds. 2000. Lecture Notes in Physics vol. 548, ISO Surveys of a Dusty Universe. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. 432 pp.
156. Lillie CF. 1972. In Scientific Results from the OAO-2, ed. AD Code, pp. 583-90. Washington: NASA SP-310, 590 pp.
157. Lilly SJ, Eales SA, Gear WKP, Hammer F, Le Fèvre O, et al. 1999. Ap. J. 518:641-55
158. Lin YC, Bertsch DL, Chiang J, Fichtel CE, Hartman RC, et al. 1992. Ap. J. 401:L61-64
159. Lisenfeld U, Völk HJ, Xu C. 1996. Astron. Astrophys. 306:677-90
160. Lockman FJ, Jahoda K, McCammon D. 1986. Ap. J. 302:432-49
161. Longair MS. 1995. The Physics of Background Radiation. In The Deep Universe, ed. B Binggeli, R Buser, 317-511. Berlin/Heidelberg/New York: Springer-Verlag. 526 pp.
162. Longair MS. 1998. Galaxy Formation. Berlin: Springer. 536 pp.
163. Longair MS, Sunyaev RA. 1972. Sov. Phys. Uspekhi 14:569-99
164. Lonsdale C. 1995. See Calzetti, Livio & Madau 1995, pp. 145-67
165. Lonsdale C. 1996. See Dwek 1996, pp. 147-58
166. Low FJ. 1970. Ap. J. 159:L173-7
167. Low FJ, Beintema DA, Gautier TN, Gillett FC, et al. 1984. Ap. J. 278:L19-22
168. Low FJ, Tucker WH. 1968. Phys. Rev. Lett. 21:1538-41
169. Lutz D, Feuchtgruber H, Genzel R, Kunze D, Rigopoulou D. 1996. Astron. Astrophys. 315:L269-72
170. MacMinn D, Primack JR. 1996. Space Sci. Rev. 75:413-22
171. Madau P, Ghisellini G, Fabian AC. 1994. MNRAS 270:L17-21
172. Madau P, Pozzetti L. 2000. MNRAS 312:L9-15
173. Madau P, Pozzetti L, Dickinson M. 1998. Ap. J. 498:106-16
174. Magorrian J, Tremaine S, Richstone D, Bender R, Bower G, et al. 1998. Astron. J. 115:2285-2305
175. Malkan MA, Stecker FW. 1998. Ap. J. 496:13-16
176. Malkan MA, Stecker FW. 2001. Ap. J. 555:641-649 astro-ph/0009500
177. Mannheim K. 1998. Science 279:684-86
178. Margolis SH, Schramm DN. 1977. Ap. J. 214:339-46
179. Martin C, Hurwitz M, Bowyer S. 1991. Ap. J. 379:549-63
180. Marzke RO, Da Costa LN. 1997. Astron. J. 113:185-96
181. Marzke RO, Da Costa LN, Geller MJ. 1998. Ap. J. 503:617-31
182. Mather JC, Fixsen DJ, Shafer RA. 1993. See Scholl 1993, pp. 168-79
183. Mather JC, Fixsen DJ, Shafer RA, Mosier C, Wilkinson DT. 1999. Ap. J. 512:511-20
184. Matsuhara H, Kawara K, Sato Y, Taniguchi Y, Okuda H, et al. 2000. Astron. Astrophys. 361:407-14
185. Matsumoto T, Akiba M, Murakami H. 1988a. Ap. J. 332:575-95
186. Matsumoto T, Cohen M, Freund MM, Kawada M, Lim M, et al. 2000. See Lemke, Stickel & Wilke 2000, pp. 96-105
187. Matsumoto T, Hayakawa S, Matsuo H, Murakami H, Sato S, et al. 1988b. Ap. J. 329:567-71
188. Matsuura S, Kawada M, Matsuhara T, Noda M, Tanaka M. 1994. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 106:770-79
189. Mattila K. 1976. Astron. Astrophys. 47:77-95
190. Mattila K. 1990. See Bowyer & Leinert 1990, pp. 257-68
191. Mazzei P, De Zotti G, Xu C. 1994. Ap. J. 422:81-91
192. McConnell ML, Ryan JM, eds. 2000. AIP COnf. Proc. 510, The Fifth Compton Symposium. Melville, NY: AIP. 840 pp.
193. McVittie GC, Wyatt SP. 1959. Ap. J. 130:1-11
194. Milliard B, Donas J, Laget M, Armand C, Vuillemin A. 1992. Astron. Astrophys. 257:24-30
195. Misselt KA, Gordon KD, Clayton GC, Wolff MJ. 2001. Ap. J. 551:277-93
196. Murakami H, Bock J, Freund MM, Guo H, Hirao T, et al. 1994. Ap. J. 428:354-62
197. Murakami H, Freund MM, Ganga K, Guo H, Hirao T, et al. 1996. Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 48:L41-46
198. Murdock TL, Price SD. 1985. Astron. J. 90:375-86
199. Murthy J, Hall D, Earl M, Henry RC. 1999. Ap. J. 522:904-14
200. Mushotzky RF, Cowie LL, Barger AJ, Arnaud KA. 2000. Nature 404:459-64
201. Mushotzky RF, Loewenstein M. 1997. Ap. J. 481:L63-66
202. Negroponte J. 1986. MNRAS 222:19-36
203. Neugebauer G, Habing HJ, van Duinen R, Aumann HH, Baud B, et al. 1984. Ap. J. 278:L1-6
204. Nikishov AI. 1962. Sov. Phys. JETP 14:393-94
205. Noda M, Christov VV, Matsuhara H, Matsumoto T, Matsuura S, et al. 1992. Ap. J. 391:456-65
206. Noda M, Matsumoto T, Matsuura S, Noguchi K, Tanaka M, et al. 1994. Ap. J. 428:363-69
207. Noda M, Matsomoto T, Murakami H, Kawada M, Tanaka M, et al. 1996. In Proc. SPIE Vol. 2817 Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing IV, eds. MS Scholl, BF Andresen, pp. 248-57. Bellingham: SPIE
208. Oke JB. 1974. Ap. J. Suppl. 27:21-35
209. Olbers HWM. 1826. Astronomische Jahrbuch 110
210. Olive KA, Steigman G, Walker TP. 2000. Physics Report 333-334:389-407
211. Oliver SJ, Goldschmidt P, Franceschini A, Serjeant SBG, Efstathiou A, et al. 1997. MNRAS 289:471-81
212. Pagel BEJ. 1997. Nucleosynthesis and Chemical Evolution of Galaxies. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. 378 pp.
213. Partridge RB, Peebles PJE. 1967a. Ap. J. 147:868-86
214. Partridge RB, Peebles PJE. 1967b. Ap. J. 148:377-97
215. Pearson C, Rowan-Robinson M. 1996. MNRAS 283:174-92
216. Peebles PJE. 1969. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London. A264:279-82
217. Peebles PJE. 1993. Principles of Physical Cosmology Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press. 718 pp.
218. Pei YC, Fall SM. 1995. Ap. J. 454:69-76
219. Pei YC, Fall SM, Hauser MG. 1999. Ap. J. 522:604-26
220. Pence W. 1976. Ap. J. 203:39-51
221. Penzias AA, Wilson RW. 1965. Ap. J. 142:419-21
222. Perlmutter S, Aldering G, Goldhaber G, Knop RA, Nugent P, et al 1999. Ap. J. 517:565-86
223. Pilbratt G. 2001. See Harwit & Hauser 2001, pp. 481-92
224. Price R, Duric N. 1992. Ap. J. 401:81-86
225. Primack JR, Bullock JS, Somerville RS, MacMinn D. 1999. Astroparticle Phys. 11:93-102
226. Protheroe R, Meyer H. 2000. Physics Letters B 493:1-6
227. Protheroe RJ, Biermann PL. 1997. Astroparticle Physics 6:293-300
228. Puget J-L, Abergel A, Bernard J-P, Boulanger F, Burton WB et al. 1996. Astron. Astrophys. 308:L5-8
229. Puget J-L, Lagache G, Clements DL, Reach WT, Aussel H, et al. 1999. Astron. Astrophys. 345:29-35
230. Punch M, Akerlof CW, Cawley MF, Chantell M, Fegan DJ, et al. 1992. Nature 358:477-78
231. Renault C, Barrau A, Lagache G, Puget J-L. 2001. Astron. Astrophys. 371:771-78
232. Renzini A. 1997. Ap. J. 488:35-43
233. Reynolds RJ, Tufte SL, Haffner LM, Jaehnig K, Percival JW. 1998. Proc. Astron. Soc. Australia 15:14-18
234. Rieke GH, Lebofsky MJ. 1986. Ap. J. 304:326-333
235. Riess AG, Filippenko AV, Challis P, Clocchiatti A, Diercks A, et al. 1998. Astron. J. 116:1009-38
236. Roach FE, Smith LL. 1968. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc. 15:227-39
237. Rocca-Volmerange B, Deharveng JM, Van JTT eds. 1991. The Early Observable Universe from Diffuse Backgrounds. Paris: Editions Frontieres. 437 pp.
238. Roche PF, Aitken DK, Smith CH, Ward MJ. 1991. MNRAS 248:606-29
239. Rowan-Robinson M. 1986. MNRAS 219:737-49
240. Rowan-Robinson M. 2001. Ap. J. 549:745-58
241. Rowan-Robinson M, Crawford J. 1989. MNRAS 238:523-58
242. Rowan-Robinson M, Helou G, Walker D. 1987. MNRAS 227:589-606
243. Rowan-Robinson M, Hughes J, Vedi K, Walker DW. 1990. MNRAS 246:273-78
244. Rush B, Malkan MA, Spinoglio L. 1993. Ap. J. Suppl. 89:1-33
245. Salamon MH, Stecker FW. 1998. Ap. J. 493:547-54
246. Sambruna RM, Aharonian FA, Krawczynski H, Akhperjanian AG, Barrio JA, et al. 2000. Ap. J. 538:127-33
247. Sandage A, Tammann GA. 1964. Ann. Rept. Mt. Wilson & Palomar Obs., Carnegie Yearbook II, 64, Carnegie Inst. of Washington, pp. 35-37
248. Sanders DB, Mirabel IF. 1996. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 34:749-92
249. Saunders W, Rowan-Robinson M, Lawrence A, Efstathiou G, Kaiser N, et al. 1990. MNRAS 242:318-37
250. Schechter P. 1976. Ap. J. 203:297-306
251. Schlegel DJ, Finkbeiner DP, Davis M. 1998. Ap. J. 500:525-53
252. Schmidt M, Hasinger G, Gunn J, Schneider D, Burg R, et al. 1998. Astron. Astrophys. 329:495-503
253. Schmitt HR, Kinney AL, Calzetti D, Storchi-Bergmann T. 1997. Astron. J. 114:592-612
254. Scholl MS, ed. 1993. Proc. SPIE Vol. 2019, Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing. Bellingham: SPIE. 416 pp.
255. Sciama DW. 1998. Astron. Astrophys. 335:12-18
256. Serjeant S, Efstathiou A, Oliver S, Surace C, Heraudeau P, et al. 2001. MNRAS 322:262-69
257. Setti G, Woltjer L. 1989. Astron. Astrophys. 224:L21-23
258. Severgnini P, Maiolino R, Salvati M, Axon D, Cimatti A, et al. 2000. Astron. Astrophys. 360:457-62
259. Shakeshaft JR. 1954. Phil. Mag. 45:1136
260. Shibai H. 2001. See Harwit & Hauser 2001, pp. 455-66
261. Shupe DL, Fang F, Hacking PB, Huchra JP. 1998. Ap. J. 501:597-607
262. Sikora M. 1997. Proc. of the Fourth Compton Symposium, ed. CD Dermer, MS Strickman, JD Kurfess, pp. 494-505. AIP Conf. Proc. 410, Part 1. Woodbury: AIP Press. 1674 pp.
263. Silva L, Granato GL, Bressan A, Danese L. 1998. Ap. J. 509:103-17
264. Silverberg RF, Hauser MG, Boggess NW, Kelsall TJ, et al. 1993. See Scholl 1993, pp. 180-89.
265. Soifer BT, Neugebauer G. 1991. Astron. J. 101:354-61
266. Soifer BT, Sanders DB, Madore BF, Neugebauer G, Danielson GE, et al. 1987. Ap. J. 320:238-57
267. Soifer BT, Sanders DB, Neugebauer G, Danielson GE, Lonsdale CJ, et al. 1986. Ap. J. 303:L41-44
268. Somerville RS, Primack JR. 1999. MNRAS 310:1087-1110
269. Spinrad H, Stone RPS. 1978. Ap. J. 226:609-12
270. Sreekumar P, Bertsch DL, Dingus BL, Esposito JA, Fichtel CE, et al. 1998. Ap. J. 494:523-34
271. Stanev T, Franceschini A. 1998. Ap. J. 494:L159-62
272. Stark AA, Gammie CF, Wilson RW, Bally J, Linke RA, et al. 1992. Ap. J. Suppl. 79:77-104
273. Stecker FW, De Jager OC. 1993. Ap. J. 415:L71-74
274. Stecker FW, De Jager OC, Salamon MH. 1992. Ap. J. 390:L49-52
275. Stecker FW, Puget JL, Fazio GG. 1977. Ap. J. 214:L51-55
276. Steidel CC, Adelberger KL, Giavalisco M, Dickinson M, Pettini M. 1999. Ap. J. 519:1-17
277. Stickel M, Lemke D, Klaas U, Beichman CA, Rowan-Robinson M, et al. 2000. Astron. Astrophys. 359:865-75
278. Stockman HS, Mather JC. 2001. See Harwit & Hauser 2001, pp. 467-74
279. Sturm E, Lutz D, Tran D, Feuchtgruber H, Genzel R, et al. 2000. Astron. Astrophys. 358:481-93
280. Takeuchi TT, Ishii TT, Hirashita H, Yoshikawa K, Matsuhara H, et al 2001. PASJ 53:37-52
281. Tan JC, Silk J, Balland C. 1999. Ap. J. 522:579-89
282. Taniguchi Y, Cowie LL, Sato Y, Sanders DB, Kawara K, et al. 1997. Astron. Astrophys. 328:L9-12
283. Tinsley BM. 1974. Societa Astronomica Italiana, Memorie 46:3-68
284. Tinsley BM. 1980. Fundamentals of Cosmic Physics 5:287-388
285. Todini P, Ferrara A. 2001. MNRAS submitted, astro-ph/0009176
286. Toller GN. 1983. Ap. J. 266:L79-82
287. Városi F, Dwek E. 1999. Ap. J. 523:265-305
288. Vignati P, Molendi S, Matt G, Guainazzi M, Antonelli LA, et al. 1999. Astron. Astrophys. 349:L57-60
289. Wainscoat RJ, Cohen M, Volk K, Walker HJ, Schwartz DE. 1992. Ap. J. Suppl. 83:111-46
290. Wang B, Field GB. 1989. Ap. J. 345:L9-12
291. Wang B, Heckman TM. 1996. Ap. J. 457:645-57
292. Werner MW, Reach WT, Rieke M. 2001. See Harwit & Hauser 2001, pp. 439-53
293. White SDM, Frenk CS. 1991. Ap. J. 379:52-79
294. Whitrow GJ, Yallop BD. 1964. MNRAS 127:301-18
295. Whitrow GJ, Yallop BD. 1965. MNRAS 130:31-43
296. Witt AN, Gordon KD. 1996 Ap. J. 463:681-93
297. Wright EL. 1997. BAAS 29:1354
298. Wright EL. 1998. Ap. J. 496:1-8
299. Wright EL. 2001a. See Harwit & Hauser 2001, pp. 157-60
300. Wright EL. 2001b. Ap. J. In press. astro-ph/0004192 v2
301. Wright EL, Reese ED. 2000. Ap. J. 545:43-55
302. Wu X, Hamilton T, Helfand DJ, Wang Q. 1991. Ap. J. 379:564-75
303. Xu C. 2000. Ap. J. 541:134-41
304. Xu C, Hacking PB, Fang F, Shupe DL, Lonsdale CJ, et al. 1998. Ap. J. 508:576-89
305. Yahil A, Strauss MA, Davis M, Huchra JP. 1991. Ap. J. 372:380-93
306. Yoshii Y, Takahara F. 1988. Ap. J. 326:1-18