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Table of Contents

ABSTRACT

1.INTRODUCTION

2.AN INTRODUCTION TO THE DATA

3.BASIC PRINCIPLES

3.1.Some Nomenclature

3.2.Circular Lenses

3.3.Non-Circular Lenses

4.THE MASS DISTRIBUTIONS OF GALAXIES

4.1.Common Models for the Monopole

4.2.The Effective Single Screen Lens

4.3.Constraining the Monopole

4.4.The Angular Structure of Lenses

4.5.Constraining Angular Structure

4.6.Model Fitting and the Mass Distribution of Lenses

4.7.Non-Parametric Models

4.8.Statistical Constraints on Mass Distributions

4.9.Stellar Dynamics and Lensing

5.TIME DELAYS

5.1.A General Theory of Time Delays

5.2.Time Delay Lenses in Groups or Clusters

5.3.Observing Time Delays and Time Delay Lenses

5.4.Results: The Hubble Constant and Dark Matter

5.5.The Future of Time Delay Measurements

6.GRAVITATIONAL LENS STATISTICS

6.1.The Mechanics of Surveys

6.2.The Lens Population

6.3.Cross Sections

6.4.Optical Depth

6.5.Spiral Galaxy Lenses

6.6.Magnification Bias

6.7.Cosmology With Lens Statistics

6.8.The Current State

7.WHAT HAPPENED TO THE CLUSTER LENSES?

7.1.The Effects of Halo Structure and the Power Spectrum

7.2.Binary Quasars

8.THE ROLE OF SUBSTRUCTURE

8.1.Low Mass Dark Halos

9.THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF LENS GALAXIES

9.1.The Interstellar Medium of Lens Galaxies

10.EXTENDED SOURCES AND QUASAR HOST GALAXIES

10.1.An Analytic Model for Einstein Rings

10.2.Numerical Models of Extended Lensed Sources

10.3.Lensed Quasar Host Galaxies

11.DOES STRONG LENSING HAVE A FUTURE?

REFERENCES