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Article Contents

ABSTRACT

1.INTRODUCTION

1.1.Preliminaries: how small is a small galaxy?

1.2.Overview of the ΛCDM model

1.3.Dark matter halos

1.4.Dark matter substructure

1.5.Linking dark matter halos to galaxies

1.6.Connections to particle physics

2.OVERVIEW OF PROBLEMS

2.1.Missing Satellites

2.2.Cusp, Cores, and Excess Mass

2.3.Too-Big-To-Fail

2.4.Satellite Planes

2.5.Regularity in the Face of Diversity

3.SOLUTIONS

3.1.Solutions within ΛCDM

3.2.Solutions requiring modifications to ΛCDM

4.CURRENT FRONTIERS

4.1.Dwarf galaxy discovery space in the Local Group

4.2.Dwarfs beyond the Local Group

4.3.Searches for starless dwarfs

4.4.Indirect signatures of dark matter

4.5.The high-redshift Universe

5.SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK

REFERENCES