Pairs of Galaxies


New lists:

  1. Schneider, S.E., Salpeter, E.E., Astrophys. J. 385 (1992) 32.
  2. White, S.D.M., Huchra, J., Latham, D., Davis, M., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 203 (1983) 701.

Observations

Interaction of galaxies has been studied in numerous examples, and has led to an understanding that many interesting and peculiar phenomena can be linked to interaction and merging. There is also an increasing recognition that the gas and the stars have to be studied separately, but are closely linked through the newly formed stars that often then produce a deeper potential well than given by the older stellar population. In many of such observations the young stellar population is studied; in the resulting intense short phase of star formation, often rather massive stars dominate the visible phenomena, in the radio by the young radio supernovae and young supernova remnants, in the infrared through excited fine structure lines, in the optical through the HII regions and their star, and, in the X-rays, through hot gas emitting free-free radiation as well as inverse Compton radiation. General discussions were done in

  1. Bender, R., Surma, P., Astron. Astrophys. 258 (1992) 250.
  2. Briel, U.G., Henry, J.P., Schwarz, R.A., Bohringer, H., Ebeling, H., Edge, A.C., Hartner, G.D., Schindler, S., Trumper, J., Voges, W., Astron. Astrophys. 246 (1991) L10.
  3. Casoli, F., Dupraz, C., Combes, F., Kazes, I., Astron. Astrophys. 251 (1991) 1.
  4. Davidge, T.J., Nieto, J.-L., Astrophys. J. 391 (1992) L13.
  5. Giuricin, G., Bertotti, G., Mardirossian, F., Mezzetti, M., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 247 (1990) 444.
  6. Giuricin, G., Bertotti, G., Mardirossian, F., Mezzetti, M., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 250 (1991) 392.
  7. Heckman, T.M., Smith, E.P., Baum, S.A., Breugel, W.J.M. van, Miley, G.K., Illingworth, G.D., Bothun, G.D., Balick, B., Astrophys. J. 311 (1986) 526.
  8. Jarvis, B.J., Peletier, R.F., Astron. Astrophys. 247 (1991) 315.
  9. Joseph, R.D., Meikle, W.P.S., Robertson, N.A., Wright, G.S., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 209 (1984) 111.
  10. Joseph, R.D., Wright, G.S., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 214 (1985) 87.
  11. Kemp, S.N., Meaburn, J., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 252 (1991) 27P.
  12. Kollatschny, W., Dietrich, M., Borgeest, U., Schramm, K.-J., Astron. Astrophys. 249 (1991) 57.
  13. Kormendy, J., Astrophys. J. 287 (1984) 577.
  14. Lawrence, A., Rowan-Robinson, M., Leech, K., Jones, D.H.P., Wall, J.V., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 240 (1989) 329.
  15. Lutz, D., Astron. Astrophys. 245 (1991) 31.
  16. Melnick, J., Mirabel, I.F., Astron. Astrophys. 231 (1990) L19.
  17. Michard, R., Nieto, J.-L., Astron. Astrophys. 243 (1991) L17.
  18. Mirabel, I.F., Lutz, D., Maza, J., Astron. Astrophys. 243 (1991) 367.
  19. Nieto, J.-L., Bender, R., Arnaud, J., Surma, P., Astron. Astrophys. 244 (1991) L25.
  20. Pena, M., Ruiz, M.T., Maza, J: Astron. Astrophys. 251 (1991) 417.
  21. Schweizer, F., in Wielen, R. (ed.) Dynamics and Interactions of galaxies, Heidelberg: Springer (1990)., p. 60.
  22. Scoville, N., Soifer, B.T., in Leitherer, C., Walborn, N.R., Heckman, T.M., Norman, C.A. (eds.): Massive stars in starbursts, STSciI, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1991)., p. 233.
  23. Thronson, H.A.Jr., Wilton, C., Ksir, A., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 252 (1991) 543.
  24. Thronson, H.A.Jr., Rubin, H., Ksir, A., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 252 (1991) 550.
  25. Vader, J.P., Vigroux, L., Astron. Astrophys. 246 (1991) 32.
  26. Vanderriest, C., Reboul, H., Astron. Astrophys. 251 (1991) 43.
  27. Wright, G.S., Joseph, R.D., Robertson, N.A., James, P.A., Meikle, W.P.S., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 233 (1988) 1.
  28. Xu, C., Sulentic, J.W., Astrophys. J. 374 (1991) 407.
  29. Zhenlong, Z., Xiaoyang, X., Zugan, D., Hongjun, S., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 252 (1991) 593.

Observations have been made of many objects and features: ADDED TO http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/CATALOGS/wsg.html

Warps:

  1. Florido, E., Battaner, E., Prieto, M., Mediavilla, E., Sanchez-Saavedra, M.L., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 251 (1991) 193.
  2. Kamphuis, J., Briggs, F., Astron. Astrophys. 253 (1992) 335.
  3. Quillen, A.C., Zeeuw, P.T. de, Phinney, E.S., Phillips, T.G., Astrophys. J. 391 (1992) 121.

Tidal Bridges and Tails:

  1. Combes, F., Dupraz, C., Casoli, F., Pagani, L., Astron. Astrophys. 203 (1988) L9.
ADDED TO http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/CATALOGS/ews.html

Shells:

  1. Carter, D., Prieur, J.L., Wilkinson, A., Sparks, W.B., Malin, D.F., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 235 (1988) 813.
  2. Malin, D.F., Carter, D., Astrophys. J. 274 (1983) 534.
  3. Schweizer, F., Seitzer, P., Astrophys. J. 328 (1988) 88.
  4. Taniguchi, Y., Ichikawa, S., Hamabe, M., Yamagata, T., Iye, M., Astron. Astrophys. 233 (1990) 385.
  5. Wilkinson, A., Browne, I.W.A., Wolstencroft, R.D., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 228 (1987) 933.

Polar Ring Galaxies:

  1. Makarov, V.V., Reshetnikov, V.P., Yakovleva, V.A., Astrophysics 30 (1989) 6 (orig. Astrofizika 30 (1989) 15.
  2. Sackett, P.D., Sparke, L.S., Astrophys. J. 361 (1990) 408.
  3. Schecter, P.L., Sancisi, R., Woerden, H. van, Lynds, C.R., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 208 (1984) 111.
  4. Schweizer, F., Whitmore, B.C., Rubin, V.C., Astron. J. 88 (1983) 909.
  5. Whitmore, B.C., Lucas, R.A., McElroy, D.B., Steiman-Cameron, T.Y., Sackett, P.D., Olling, R.P., Astron. J. 100 (1990) 1489.

Ring Galaxies:

  1. Appleton, P.N., Schombert, J.M., Robson, E.I., Astrophys. J. 385 (1992) 491.
  2. Few, J.M.A., Madore, B.F., Arp, H.C., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 199 (1982) 633.
  3. Few, J.M.A., Madore, B.F., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 222 (1986) 673.
  4. Zeilinger, W.W., Galletta, G., Madsen, C., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 246 (1990) 324.

Interaction-Driven Spirals:

  1. Campos-Aguilar, A., Moles, M., Astron. Astrophys. 241 (1991) 358.

Merging:

  1. Aalto, S., Black, J.H., Booth, R.S., Johansson, L.E.B., Astron. Astrophys. 247 (1991) 291.
  2. Aalto, S., Black, J.H., Johansson, L.E.B., Booth, R.S., Astron. Astrophys. 249 (1991) 323.
  3. Bergvall, N., Ronnback, J., Johansson, L., Astron. Astrophys. 222 (1989) 49.
  4. Casoli, F., Combes, F., Dupraz, C., Gerin, M., Encrenaz, P., Salez, M., Astron. Astrophys. 192 (1988) L17.
  5. Dupraz, C., Casoli, F., Combes, F., Kazes, I., Astron. Astrophys. 228 (1990) L5.
  6. Fabian, A.C., Daines, S.J., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 252 (1991) 17P.
  7. Forbes, D.A., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 249 (1991) 779.
  8. Grothues, H.G., Schmidt-Kaler, T., Astron. Astrophys. 242 (1991) 357.
  9. Johansson, L., Bergvall, N., Astron. Astrophys. 192 (1988) 81.
  10. Martin, J.M., Bottinelli, L., Dennefeld, M., Gouguenheim, L., Astron. Astrophys. 245 (1991) 393.
  11. Mollenhoff, C., Bender, R., Astron. Astrophys. 214 (1989) 61.
  12. Prugniel, P., Nieto, J.-L., Bender, R., Davoust, E., Astron. Astrophys. 204 (1988) 61.
  13. Stanford, S.A., Wood, D.O.S., Astrophys. J. 346 (1989) 712.

Counter-rotating Cores:

  1. Bender, R., Astron. Astrophys. 202 (1988) L5.
  2. Bender, R., Astron. Astrophys. 229 (1990) 441.
  3. Bettoni, D., Galletta, G., Oosterloo, T., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 248 (1991) 544.
  4. Considere, S., Davoust, E., Astron. Astrophys. 252 (1991) 56.
  5. Franx, M., Illingworth, G.D., Astrophys. J. 327 (1988) L55.
  6. Reshetnikov, V.P., Sil'chenko, O.K., Astrophysics 33 (1991) 385 (orig. Astrofizika 33 (1990) 157).
ADDED TO http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/CLASSIFICATION/duel.html

Dust Lane Ellipticals:

  1. Bertola, F., Bettoni, D., Astrophys. J. 329 (1988) 102.
  2. Bertola, F., Galletta, G., Zeilinger, W.W., Astron. Astrophys. 254 (1992) 89.
  3. Brosch, N., Loinger, F., Astron. Astrophys. 249 (1991) 327.
  4. Lauer, T.R., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 216 (1985) 429.
  5. Mollenhoff, C., Marenbach, G., Astron. Astrophys. 154 (1986) 219.
  6. Mollenhoff, C., Bender, R., Astron. Astrophys. 174 (1987) 63.
  7. Nieto, J.-L., Coupinot, G., Lelievre, G., Madsen, C., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 203 (1983) 39P.
  8. Sharples, R.M., Carter, D., Hawarden, T.G., Longmore, A.J., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 202 (1983) 37.
  9. Vereshchagin, S.V., Smirnov, M.A., Tutukov, A.V., Sov. Astron. A.J. 33 (1989) 269 (orig. Astron. Zh. 66 (1989) 527).
  10. Veron-Cetty, M.-P., Veron, P., Astron. Astrophys. 204 (1988) 28.
  11. Warren-Smith, R.F., Berry, D.S., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 205 (1983) 889.

Multiple Nucleus Galaxies:

  1. Abramyan, G.V., Saakyan, K.A., Astrophysics 31 (1990) 678 (orig. Astrofizika 31 (1989) 447).
  2. Albada, T.S. van, Kotanyi, C.G., Schwarzschild, M., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 198 (1982) 303.
  3. Lauer, T.R., Astrophys. J. 311 (1986) 34.
  4. Smith, R.M., Efstathiou, G., Ellis, R.S., Frenk, C.S., Valentijn, E.A., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 216 (1985) 71P.
  5. Tonry, J.L., Astron. J. 90 (1985) 2431.

Spheroidal versus Disk System:

  1. Bender, R., Surma, P., Dobereiner, S., Mollenhoff, C., Madejsky, R., Astron. Astrophys. 217 (1989) 35.
  2. Fasano, G., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 249 (1991) 208.
  3. Fasano, G., Vio, R., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 249 (1991) 629.
  4. Rampazzo, R., Astron. Astrophys. 204 (1988) 81.
  5. Rampazzo, R., Sulentic, J.W., Astron. Astrophys. 259 (1992) 43.
  6. Scorza, C., Bender, R., Astron. Astrophys. 235 (1990) 49.
  7. Shaw, M.A., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 229 (1987) 691.

Absorption Line Studies:

  1. Baan, W.A., Goss, W.M., Astrophys. J. 385 (1992) 188.

Theoretical Concepts

General discussion of the underlying physics:

  1. Barnes, J.E., Hernquist, L., Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 30 (1992) 705.
  2. Bender, R., in Wielen, R. (ed.): Dynamics and Interactions of galaxies, Heidelberg: Springer (1990)., p. 232.
  3. Soifer, B.T., Houck, J.R., Neugebauer, G., Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 25 (1987) 187.
  4. Zeeuw, T. de, Franx, M., Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 29 (1991) 239.
  5. Balcells, M., Quinn, P.J., Astrophys. J. 361 (1990) 381.
  6. Barnes, J.E., Astrophys. J. 393 (1992) 484.
  7. Bender, R., Surma, P., Astron. Astrophys. 258 (1992) 250.
  8. Carlberg, R.G., Astrophys. J. 375 (1991) 429.
  9. Gelato, S., Chernoff, D.F., Wasserman, I., Astrophys. J. 384 (1992) 15.
  10. Gerhard, O.E., Fall, S.M., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 203 (1983) 1253.
  11. Jog, C.J., Solomon, P.M., Astrophys. J. 387 (1992) 152.
  12. Kashlinsky, A., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 208 (1984) 623.
  13. Kormendy, J., Sanders, D.B., Astrophys. J. 390 (1992) L53.
  14. Namboodiri, P.M.S., Kochhar, R.K., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 250 (1991) 541.
  15. Navarro, J.F., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 242 (1990) 311.
  16. Negroponte, J., White, S.D.M., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 205 (1983) 1009.
  17. Noguchi, M., Ishibashi, S., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 219 (1986) 305.
  18. Noguchi, M., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 251 (1991) 360.
  19. Palmer, P.L., Papaloizou, J., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 199 (1982) 869.
  20. Prugniel, P., Combes, F., Astron. Astrophys. 259 (1992) 25.
  21. Rix, H.-W., White, S.D.M., Astrophys. J. 362 (1990) 52.
  22. Rocca-Volmerange, B., Guiderdoni, B., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 247 (1990) 166 (Erratum MNRAS 251 (1991) 192).
  23. Schweizer, L.Y., Astrophys. J. Suppl. 64 (1987) 427.
  24. Scoville, N., Soifer, B.T., in Leitherer, C., Walborn, N.R., Heckman, T.M., Norman, C.A.(eds.) Massive Stars in Starbursts, STScI, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1991) p. 233.
  25. Sorensen, S.-A., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 212 (1985) 723.
  26. Subramanain, K., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 238 (1989) 1345.
  27. Sundin, M., Sundelius, B., Astron. Astrophys. 245 (1991) L5.
  28. Toomre, A., Toomre, J., Astrophys. J. 178 (1972) 623.
  29. Vedel, H., Sommer-Larsen, J., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 245 (1990) 637.
  30. Villumsen, J.V., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 199 (1982) 493.
  31. Villumsen, J.V., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 204 (1983) 219.
  32. White, S.D.M., Huchra, J., Latham, D., Davis, M., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 203 (1983) 701.
  33. White, S.D.M., in Athanassoula, E. (ed.) Internal Kinematics and Dynamics of Galaxies, IAU Symp. No. 100, Dordrecht: Reidel (1983)., p. 337.
  34. Zepf, S.E., Whitmore, B.C., Levison, H.F., Astrophys. J. 383 (1991) 524.

Starbursts: as will be discussed below, one of the main effects of interaction between galaxies is a starburst, the rapid formation of large numbers of massive stars; the evidence is increasing that during such phases indeed mostly massive stars are formed, with estimates ranging up to a supernova rate of a thousand per year.

Warps: warps in galaxies can clearly be the result of tidal interaction, but also represent stationary states of orbits in triaxial systems,

  1. Binney, J.J., Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 30 (1992) 51.
  2. Albada, T.S. van, Kotanyi, C.G., Schwarzschild, M., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 198 (1982) 303.
  3. Quillen, A.C., Zeeuw, P.T. de, Phinney, E.S., Phillips, T.G., Astrophys. J. 391 (1992) 121.
  4. Sparke, L.S., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 211 (1984) 911.

Tidal bridges and tails: ever since the seminal paper by Toomre, A., Toomre, J., Astrophys. J. 178 (1972) 623. the effect of tidal torques has been found through bridges and tails in many examples, with the shapes of the galaxies reminiscent of antennae, superantennae, mice and the like. Often the original nuclei of the two partner galaxies are still recognizable.

Shells: interaction between rather unequal partners with little cool gas produces easily shells and arcs around elliptical galaxies. These shells may persist for quite some time.

  1. Athanassoula, E., Bosma, A., Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 23 (1985) 147.
  2. Carter, D., Prieur, J.L., Wilkinson, A., Sparks, W.B., Malin, D.F., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 235 (1988) 813.
  3. Dupraz, C., Combes, F., Astron. Astrophys. 185 (1987) L1.
  4. Heisler, J., White, S.D.M., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 243 (1990) 199.
  5. Hernquist, L., Weil, M.L., Nature 358 (1992) 734.
  6. Huang, S.N., Stewart, P., Astron. Astrophys. 174 (1987) 13.
  7. Loewenstein, M., Fabian, A.C., Nulsen, P.E.J., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 229 (1987) 129.
  8. Quinn, P.J., Astrophys. J. 279 (1984) 596.
  9. Thomson, R.C., Wright, A.E., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 247 (1990) 122.
  10. Thomson, R.C., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 253 (1991) 256.

Polar Rings: interaction with gas-rich galaxies can produce a galaxy with two different angular momentum vectors in the gas/star distribution; one extreme form of this are polar rings.

  1. Brosch, N., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 225 (1987) 257.
  2. Sackett, P.D., Sparke, L.S., Astrophys. J. 361 (1990) 408.
  3. Sparke, L.S., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 219 (1986) 657.

Ring Galaxies have been viewed as the product of the near center collision of two galaxies, when one partner with an extended disk shows a tidally induced ring resulting in strong star formation, much like a stone thrown into water produces a ring that spreads out.

  1. Athanassoula, E., Bosma, A., Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 23 (1985) 147.

Interaction Driven Spirals: as already realized early, spiral structure is not just another way to transport angular momentum out of a single disk, but is also the natural result of tidal torques acting on a disk as the result of the passage of another galaxy.

Merging: when two galaxies merge, a stellar disk component may be left in a galaxy which otherwise seems a perfect elliptical galaxy. Similarly, a gas-rich disk can be left with a strong dust fraction. Such nuclear dusty disks are sometimes related to a recent feeding event of an active nucleus previously dormant.

  1. Binney, J., Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 20 (1982) 399.
  2. Albada, T.S. van, Kotanyi, C.G., Schwarzschild, M., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 198 (1982) 303.
  3. Balcells, M., Astron. Astrophys. 249 (1991) L9.
  4. Barnes, J.E., Astrophys. J. 331 (1988) 699.
  5. Carlberg, R.G., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 199 (1982) 1159.
  6. Noguchi, M., Astron. Astrophys. 203 (1988) 259.

Counter-rotating Cores: they can result when the angular momentum vectors of two merging galaxies are nearly opposite to each other.

  1. Balcells, M., Quinn, P.J., Astrophys. J. 362 (1990) 443.
  2. Sofue, Y., Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 44 (1992) L1.
  3. Voglis, N., Hiotelis, N., Hoflich, P., Astron. Astrophys. 249 (1991) 5.

Boxy Ellipticals: such bodies can be understood through the two-dimensional distribution of the population of stars in phase space, and as a natural result of cannibalism or merging.

  1. Binney, J., Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 20 (1982) 399.
  2. Bender, R., Dobereiner, S., Mollenhoff, C., Astron. Astrophys. 177 (1987) L53.
  3. Bender, R., Astron. Astrophys. 193 (1988) L7.
  4. Binney, J., Petrou, M., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 214 (1985) 449.
  5. Longo, G., Capaccioli, M., Bender, R., Busarello, G., Astron. Astrophys. 225 (1989) L17.
  6. Nieto, J.-L., Capaccioli, M., Held, E.V., Astron. Astrophys. 195 (1988) L1.
  7. Franx, M., Illingworth, G., Heckman, T., Astron. J. 98 (1989) 538.
  8. Wagner, S.J., Bender, R., Mollenhoff, C., Astron. Astrophys. 195 (1988) L5.

Multiple Nuclei: the high central regions of high stellar density can survive upon merging of two galaxies, an effect especially noted in a dense environment of galaxies among the very bright galaxies in clusters of galaxies 89P4].

  1. Nieto, J.-L., Prugniel, P., Astron. Astrophys. 186 (1987) 30.
  2. Prugniel, P., Davoust, E., Nieto, J.-L., Astron. Astrophys. 222 (1989) 5.

Orbital decay of central black holes can be quite rapid.

  1. Fukushige, T., Ebisuzaki, T., Makino, J., Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 44 (1992) 281.

Dissipative Collapse: during merging the gas undergoes a strongly dissipative collapse which leads through a strong starburst to the stellar distribution typical of an elliptical galaxy.

Spheroidal stellar component versus disk: merging clearly leads to thick or nearly spherical systems for the stellar systems, while a gas-rich disk of high angular momentum may be preserved and then forms a flat disk around a spheroidal component of possibly quite different angular momentum vector.

  1. Binney, J., Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 20 (1982) 399.

Bar Formation: the interaction and slow accretion between two components can lead to the formation of bars, and may not lead to a simple flattened ellipsoid as a standard case 91B4].

  1. Athanassoula, E., Bosma, A., Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 23 (1985) 147.
  2. Barnes, J., Hernquist, L.E., Astrophys. J. 370 (1991) L65.

Formation of Globular Clusters: merging of galaxies with gas easily leads to the new formation of globular clusters, this may explain the globular cluster population in large ellipticals.

  1. Ashman, K.M., Zepf, St.E., Astrophys. J. 384 (1992) 50.
  2. Djorgovski, S., Santiago, B.X., Astrophys. J. 391 (1992) L85.


Main | Introduction | Basic Data | Galaxies | Cosmology | Particle Physics
Spectroscopy | Glossary and Lexicon of Term | Tabular Information
Graphical Relations | Annual Review Articles | Astrostatistics
CUP Monographs | Author Index | New Additions | Catalogs
Table of Contents | Text Search | Web Links