Starbursts
Starburst galaxies are galaxies in which the star
formation rate is at present far above the long-time average. Often
such a starburst is confined to the central region in a galaxy. The
extreme far-infrared luminous galaxies detected by IRAS may be a
combination of starbursts and AGN energy input, with the quasar hidden
at normal wavelengths by dust clouds, thus a "shrouded quasar".
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At present the judgement is still out up to which level of infrared
luminosity a galaxy can be interpreted as a starburst, but scaling from
nearby starbursts, like M82,
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up to a supernova rate of 1000 supernova events per year have been
estimated, consuming an enormous amount of cool gas. The energy input
of such an extreme population of young stars - we note that massive
stars put as much energy into the interstellar medium through their
winds as later by their supernova explosion - is such that the
interstellar energy densities can be several orders of magnitude
higher than in the rather quiescent solar neighborhood. This extremely
high energy often leads to a break-out of the hot component of the
interstellar gas perpendicular to the disk, as seen in M82, where the
X-ray emission extends many kpc up and down from the disk, sometimes
referred to as a superwind,
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although this phenomenon resembles more an explosion in a stratified
atmosphere. On a small scale such break-outs appear to be to quite
common even in normal galaxies. whenever the local star formation
energy input surpasses a critical level, when hydrostatic equilibrium
can no longer be maintained. Clearly, cosmic rays contribute strongly
to the hot gas component breaking out, and may cause an additional
acceleration of the hot gas far above the disk by dissipating their
energy through reconnection and wave dissipation. Starbursts are often
used successfully as a paradigm for central starformation in galaxies,
with starbursts and quasar-activity often competing.
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65 (1988) 190).
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