Molecules in Galaxies
Reviews:
- Morris, M., & Rickard, L.J., Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 20
(1982) 517.
- Mauersberger, R., Henkel, C., & Schilke, P., Astrophys. Space Sci.
156 (1989) 263.
- Sage, L.J., Share, S.N., & Solomon, P.M., Astrophys. J. 352 (1990) 422.
- Hughes, D.H., Appleton, P.N., & Schombert, J.M., Astrophys. J. 370
(1991) 176.
- Young, J.S., & Scoville, N.Z., Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 29
(1991) 581.
Catalogs of galaxies observed in CO (complete up to 1989) have
been published by
Verter [Verter, F., Ap. J. Suppl., 57, 261, 1985;
Verter, F., Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 102, 1281, 1990].
Conference Proceedings include
[Windows on Galaxies (G. Fabbiano, J.S. Gallagher, A. Renzini,
eds.), ASSI 160, Dordrecht, Kluwer (1990)]
and
[Dynamics of Galaxies and their Molecular Cloud Distributions (F.
Combes & F. Casoli, eds.), Int. Astron. Union Symp. 146, Dordrecht:
Kluwer (1991)].
Catalog of Published CO Surveys:
[Young, J.S., & Scoville, N.Z., Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 29
(1991) 581].
CO Surveys:
- Douglas, N.G., Radford, S.J.E., Roland, J., & Webb, J.K., Astron.
Astrophys. 262 (1992) 8.
- Braine, J., & Combes, F., Astron. Astrophys. 269 (1993) 7.
- Braine, J., Combes, F., Casoli, F., Dupraz, C., Gerin, M., Klein, &
U., Wielebinski, R., Brouillet, N., Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 97 (1993) 887.
- Sage, L.J., Astron. Astrophys. 272 (1993) 123.
- Devereux, N., Taniguchi, Y., Sanders, D.B., Nakai, M., & Young,
J.S., Astron. J. 107 (1994) 2006.
- Bajaja, E., Wielebinski, R., Reuter, H.P., Harnett, J.I., & Hummel,
E., Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 114 (1995) 147.
- Helfer, T.I., & Blitz, L., Astrophys. J. 450 (1995) 90.
- Young, J.S., Xie, S., Tacconi, L., Knezek, P., Viscuso, P.,
Tacconi-Garman, L., Scoville, N., Schneider, S., Schloerb, F.P., Lord,
S., Lesser, A., Kenney, J., Huang, Y., Devereux, N., Claussen, M., Case,
J., Carpenter, J., Berry, M., & Allen, L., Astron. J. Suppl. 98 (1995) 219.
Catalog of CO Studies in Individual Galaxies:
[Young, J.S., & Scoville, N.Z., Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 29
(1991) 581].
CO Observations of Individual Galaxies:
- Ho, R.T.P., Martin, R.N., Henkel, C., & Turner, J.L., Astrophys. J.
320 (1987) 665.
- Phillips, T.G., Ellison, B.N., Keene, J.B., Leighton, R.B.,
Howard, R.J., Masson, C.R., Sanders, D.B., Veidt, B., & Young, K.,
Astrophys. J. 322 (1987) L73.
- Vogel, S.N., Boulanger, F., & Ball, R., Astrophys. J. 321 (1987) L149.
- Brouillet, N., Baudry, A., & Combes, F., Astron. Astrophys. 196
(1988) L17.
- Carzian, B., Mundy, L.G., & Scoville, N.Z., Astrophys. J. 333 (1988) 157.
- Casoli, F., & Combes, F., Astron. Astrophys. 198 (1988) 43.
- Combes, F., Dupraz, C., Casoli, F., & Pagani, L., Astron.
Astrophys. 203 (1988) L9.
- Gerin, M., Nakai, N., & Combes, F., Astron. Astrophys. 203 (1988) 44.
- Lada, C.J., Margulis, M., Sofue, Y., Nakai, N., & Handa, T.,
Astrophys. J. 328 (1988) 143.
- Ohta, K., Sasaki, M., & Saito, M., Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan. 40 (1988) 653.
- Phillips, S., Astron. Astrophys. 194 (1988) 77.
- Sandquist, A., Elfhag, T., & Jorsater, S., Astron. Astrophys. 201
(1988) 223.
- Sofue, Y., Doi, M., Ishizuki, S., Nakai, N., & Handa, T, Publ.
Astron. Soc. Japan. 40 (1988) 511.
- Thronson, H.A., Hunter, D.A., & Telesco, C.M., Astrophys. J. 334
(1988) 105.
- Weliachew, L., Casoli, F., & Combes, F., Astron. Astrophys. 199
(1988) 29.
- Young, J.S., Claussen, M.J., Kleinmann, S.G., Rubin, V.C., &
Scoville, N., Astrophys. J. 331 (1988) L81.
- Young, J.S., Claussen, M.J., & Scoville, N.Z., Astrophys. J. 324
(1988) 115.
- Adler, D.S., & Liszt, H.S., Astrophys. J. 339 (1989) 836.
- Dettmar, R., & Heidhausen, A., Astrophys. J. 344 (1989) L61.
- Kaufman, M., Elmegreen, D.M., & Bash, F.N., Astrophys. J. 345 (1989) 697.
- Phillips, J.P., & Mamparo, A., Astrophys. Space Sci. 156 (1989) 257.
- Phillips, J.P., & Mamparo, A., Astron. Astrophys. 218 (1989) 24.
- Sage, L.J., Astrophys. J. 344 (1989) 200.
- Sandquist, A., Elfhag, T., & Lindblad, P.O., Astron. Astrophys. 218
(1989) 39.
- Sofue, Y., Doi, M., Krause, M., Nakai, N., & Handa, T., Publ.
Astron. Soc. Japan. 41 (1989) 113.
- Sofue, Y., Handa, T., & Nakai, N., Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan. 41
(1989) 937.
- Tacconi, L.J., & Young, J.S., Astrophys. J. Suppl. 71 (1989) 455.
- Verter, F., & Rickard, L.J., Astron. Astrophys. 225 (1989) 27.
- Wilson, C.D., & Scoville, N., Astrophys. J. 347 (1989) 743.
- Eckart, A., Downes, D., Genzel, R., Harris, A.I., Jaffe, D.T., &
Wild, W., Astrophys. J. 348 (1990) 434.
- England, M.N., Gottesman, S.T., & Hunter Jr., J.H., Astrophys. J.
348 (1990) 456.
- Henkel, C., Whiteoak, J.B., Nyman, L.A., & Harju, J., Astron.
Astrophys. 230 (1990) L5.
- Lester, D.F., & Thompson, K.L., Astrophys. J. 348 (1990) L49.
- Loiseau, N., Nakai, N., Sofue, Y., Wielebinski, R., & Reuter, H.P.,
Astron. Astrophys. 228 (1990) 331.
- Claussen, M.J., & Sahai, R., Astron. J. 103 (1992) 1134.
- Devereux, N.A., & Young, J.S., Astron. J. 103 (1992) 1536.
- Handa, T., Sofue, Y., Ikeuchi, S., Kawabe, R., & Ishizuki, S., Pub.
Astron. Soc. Japan. 44 (1992) L227.
- Irwin, J.A., & Avery, L.W., Astrophys. J. 388 (1992) 328.
- Irwin, J.A., & Sofuem Y., Astrophys. J. 396 (1992) L75.
- Kaneko, N., Morita, K., Fukui, Y., Takahashi, N., Sugitani, K.,
Nakai, N., & Morita, K.-I., Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan. 44 (1992) 341.
- Sofue, Y., Irwin, J.A., Pub. Astron. Soc. Japan. 44 (1992) 353.
- Sofue, Y., Reuter, H.P., Krause, M., Wielebinski, R., & Nakai, N.,
Astrophys. J. 395 (1992) 126.
- Turner, J.L., & Hurt, R.L., Astrophys. J. 384 (1992) 72.
- Wang, Z., Schweizer, F., & Scoville, N.Z., Astrophys. J. 396 (1992) 510.
- Wrobel, J.M., & Kenney, J.D.P., Astrophys. J. 399 (1992) 94.
- Yasuda, N., Fujisawa, K., Sofue, Y., Taniguchi, Y., Nakai, N.,
& Wakamatsu, K., Pub. Astron. Soc. Japan. 44 (1992) 1.
- Berkhuijsen, E.M., Bajaja, E., & Beck, R., Astron. Astrophys. 279
(1993) 359.
- Braine, J., Combes, F., & van Driel, W., Astron. Astrophys. 280
(1993) 451.
- Casoli, F., & Gerin, M., Astron. Astrophys. 279 (1993) L41.
- Dahlem, M., Golla, G., Whiteoak, J.B., Wielebinski, R.,
Huttemeister, S., & Henkel, C., Astron. Astrophys. 270 (1993) 29.
- Dame, T.M., Koper, E., Israel, F.P., & Thaddeus, P., Astrophys. J.
418 (1993) 730.
- Downes, D., Solomon, P.M., & Radford, S.J.E., Astrophys. J. 414
(1993) L13.
- Kikumoto, T., Taniguchi, Y., Suzuki, M., & Tomisaka, K., Astron. J.
106 (1993) 466.
- Rand, R.J., Astrophys. J. 404 (1993) 593.
- Scoville, N.Z., Thakkar, D., Carlstrom, J.E., & Sargent, A.I.,
Astrophys. J. 404 (1993) L59.
- Sofue, Y., & Nakai, N., Pub. Astron. Soc. Japan. 45 (1993) 139.
- Sofue, Y., & Yoshida, S, Astrophys. J. 417 (1993) L63.
- Turner, J.L., Hurt, R.L., & Hudson, D.Y., Astrophys. J. 413 (1993) L19.
- Wright, M.C.H., Ishizuki, S., Turner, J.L., Ho, P.T.P., & Lo, K.Y.,
Astrophys. J. 406 (1993) 470.
- Aalto, S., Booth, R.S., Black, J.H., Koribalski, B., & Wielebinski,
R., Astron. Astrophys. 286 (1994) 365.
- Baas, F., Israel, F.P., & Koorneef, J., Astron. Astrophys. 284
(1994) 403.
- Goudfrooij, P., de Jong, T., Hansen, L., & Norgaard-Nielsen, H.U.,
Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 271 (1994) 833.
- Henkel, C., Whiteoak, J.B., & Mauersberger, R., Astron. Astrophys.
284 (1994) 17.
- Jaffe, W., & McNamara, D.R., Astrophys. J. 434 (1994) 110.
- Nakai, N., Kuno, N., Handa, T., & Sofue, Y., Pub. Astron. Soc. Japan.
46 (1994) 527.
- Sofue, Y., & Nakai, N., Pub. Astron. Soc. Japan. 46 (1994) 147.
- Statler, T.S., & Fry, A.M., Astrophys. J. 425 (1994) 481.
- Szomoru, A., Guhathakurta, P., van Gorkom, J.H., Knapen, J.H.,
Weinberg, D.M., & Fruchter, A., Astron. J. 108 (1994) 491.
- Wilson, C.D., Astrophys. J. 434 (1994) L11.
- Wilson, C.D., & Walker, C.E., Astrophys. J. 432 (1994) 148.
- Allen, R.J., Bourlot, J.L., Lequeux, J., Pineau des Forets, G., &
Roueff, E., Astrophys. J. 444 (1995) 157.
- Braun, R., Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 114 (1995) 409.
- Higdon, J.L., Smith, B.J., Lord, S.D., & Rand, R.J., Astrophys. J.
438 (1995) L79.
- Hoffman, G.L., Lewis, B.M., & Salpeter, E.E., Astrophys. J. 441
(1995) 28.
- Loinard, L., Allen, R.J., & Lequeux, J., Astron. Astrophys. 301
(1995) 68.
- Mulder, P.S., van Driel, W., & Braine, J., Astron. Astrophys. 300
(1995) 687.
- Sandquist, A., Joersaeter, S., & Lindblad, P.O., Astron. Astrophys.
295 (1995) 585.
- Sempere, M.J., Combes, F., & Casoli, F., Astron. Astrophys. 299
(1995) 371.
CO in Spiral Galaxies:
- Stark, A.A., Elmegreen, B.G., & Chance, D., Astrophys. J. 322 (1987) 64.
- Verter, F., Astrophys. J. Suppl. 65 (1987) 555.
- Sage, L.J., Share, S.N., & Solomon, P.M., Astrophys. J. 352 (1990) 422.
CO in Irregular Galaxies:
- Tacconi, L.J., & Young, J.S., Astrophys. J. 322 (1987) 681.
- Ohta, K., Sasaki, M., Yamada, T., Saito, M., & Nakai, N., Pub.
Astron. Soc. Japan. 44 (1992) 585.
- Wilson, C.D., & Scoville, N., Astrophys. J. 385 (1992) 512.
- Hoffman, G.L., Lu, N.Y., Salpeter, E.E., Forhat, B., Lamphier, C., &
Roos, T., Astron. J. 106 (1993) 39.
- Lequeux, J., Le Bourlot, J., Des Forets, G.P., Roueff, E.,
Boulanger, F., & Rubio, M., Astron. Astrophys. 292 (1994) 371.
- Bottema, R., Astron. Astrophys. 295 (1995) 605.
- Taramopoulos, A., Garwood, R., Briggs, F.H., & Wolfe, A.M., Astron.
J. 109 (1995) 980.
- Verter, F., & Hodge, P., Astrophys. J. 446 (1995) 616.
CO in Early-Type Galaxies:
- Sage, L.J., & Wrobel, J.M., Astrophys. J. 344 (1989) 204.
- Thronson, H.A., Hunter, D.A., Casey, S., Latter, W.B., & Harper,
D.A., Astrophys. J. 339 (1989) 803.
- Wiklind, T., & Henkel, C., Astron. Astrophys. 227 (1990) 394.
- Welch, G.A., & Mitchell, G.F., Astrophys. J. 427 (1994) 770.
- Taniguchi, Y., Murayama, T., Nakai, N., Susuki, M., & Kameya, O.,
Astron. J. 108 (1994) 468.
- Wiklind, T., Combes, F., & Henkel, C., Astron. Astrophys. 297 (1995) 643.
CO in Elliptical Galaxies:
- Hoffman, G.L., Helou, G., & Salpeter, E.E., Astrophys. J. 324 (1988) 75.
- Gordon, M.A., Astrophys. J. 350 (1990) L29.
- Wang, Z., Kenney, J.D.P., & Ishizuki, S., Astron. J. 104 (1992) 2097.
- Wiklind, T., & Henkel, C., Astron. Astrophys. 257 (1992) 437.
- Sofue, Y., & Wakamatsu, K., Pub. Astron. Soc. Japan. 45 (1993) 529.
- Huchtmeier, W.K., Bregman, J.N., Hogg, D.E., & Roberts, M.S.,
Astron. Astrophys. 281 (1994) 327.
- Li, J.G., Seaquist, E.R., Wang, Z., & Sage, L.J., Astron. J. 107
(1994) 90.
CO in Interacting Galaxies:
- Casoli, F., Combes, F., Dupraz, C., Gerda, M., & Encrenaz, P.,
Astron. Astrophys. 192 (1988) L17.
- Sargent, A.I., Sanders, D.B., & Phillips, T.G., Astrophys. J. 346
(1989) L9.
- Dupraz, C., Casoli, F., Combes, F., & Kazes, I., Astron. Astrophys.
228 (1990) L5.
- Stanford, S.A., Sargent, A.I., & Sanders, D.B., Astrophys. J. 349
(1990) 492.
- Sofue, Y., Wakamatsu, K., Taniguchi, Y., & Nakai, N., Pub. Astron.
Soc. Japan. 45 (1993) 43.
CO in Polar-Ring Galaxies:
- Combes, F., Braine, J., Casoli, F., Gerin, M., & van Driel, W.,
Astron. Astrophys. 259 (1992) L65.
- Radford, S.J.E., Astron. Astrophys. 262 (1992) 13.
- Watson, D.M., Guptill, M.T., & Buchholz, L.M., Astrophys. J. 420
(1994) L21.
CO in Markarian Galaxies:
[Kruegel, E., Chini, R., & Steppe, H., Astron. Astrophys. 229 (1990) 17].
CO in Seyfert Galaxies:
- Fisher, J., Geballe, T.B., Smith, H.A., & Simon, M., Astrophys. J.
320 (1987) 667.
- Martin, J.M., Bottinelli, L., Dennefeld, M., Fouque, P.,
Gouguenheim, L., & Paturel, G., Astron. Astrophys. 235 (1990) 41.
CO in IRAS Galaxies:
- Sage, L.J., & Solomon, P.M., Astrophys. J. 321 (1987) L103.
- Mirabel, I.F., Booth, R.S., Garay, G., Johansson, L.E.B., &
Sanders, D.B., Astron. Astrophys. 206 (1988) L20.
- Mirabel, I.F., & Saunders, D.B., Astrophys. J. 340 (1989) L53.
- Scoville, N., Sander, D.B., Sargent, A.I., Soifer, B.T., & Tinney,
C.G., Astrophys. J. 345 (1989) L25.
- Solomon, P.M., Radford, S.J.E., & Downes, D., Astrophys. J. 348
(1990) L53.
- Buat, V., Astron. Astrophys. 264 (1992) 444.
- Klein, U., Giovannardi, C., Altschuler, D.R., & Wunderlich, E.,
Astron. Astrophys. 255 (1992) 49.
- Sakamoto, K., Ishizuki, S., Kawabe, R., & Ishiguro, M., Astrophys.
J. 397 (1992) L27.
- Spitzak, J.G., & Schneider, S.E., Astrophys. J. 393 (1992) 126.
- Tsuboi, M., & Nakai, N., Pub. Astron. Soc. Japan. 44 (1992) 241.
- Hurt, R.L., Turner, J.L., Ho, P.T.P., & Martin, R.N., Astrophys. J.
404 (1993) 602.
- Li, J.G., Seaquist, E.R., Wrobel, J.M., Wang, Z., & Sage, L.J.,
Astrophys. J. 413 (1993) 150.
- Maloney, P., Astrophys. J. 414 (1993) 41.
- Tsuboi, M., & Nakai, N., Pub. Astron. Soc. Japan. 46 (1994) L179.
- Adreani, P., Casoli, F., & Gerin, M., Astron. Astrophys. 300 (1995) 43.
- Vallee, J.P., Astron. J. 109 (1995) 1724.
CO Emission from Galaxies in Clusters:
- Boselli, A., Gavazzi, G., Combes, F., Lequeux, J., & Casoli, F.,
Astron. Astrophys. 285 (1994) 69.
- Braine, J., Dupraz, C., Astron. Astrophys. 283 (1994) 407.
CO Emission from Galaxies in the Virgo cluster:
- Knapp, G.R., Helou, G., & Stark, A.A., Astron. J. 94 (1987) 54.
- Kenney, J.D.P., & Young, J.S., Astrophys. J. 344 (1989) 171.
- Russell, W.S., & Roberts, Jr., W.W., Astrophys. J. 398 (1992) 94.
- Boselli, A., Astron. Astrophys. 292 (1994) 1.
CO Emission from Galaxies in the Fornax cluster:
[Honma, M., Sofue, Y., & Arimoto, N., Astron. Astrophys. 304 (1995) 1].
CO Emission from Galaxies in Cooling Flows:
- Bregman, J.N., & Hogg, D.E., Astron. J. 96 (1988) 455.
- Antonucci, R., & Barvainis, R., Astron. J. 107 (1994) 448.
- Braine, J., & Dupraz, C., Astron. Astrophys. 283 (1994) 407.
MOLECULES IN GALAXIES
- Henkel, C., Mauersberger, R., & Schilke, P., Astron. Astrophys.
201 (1988) L23.
- Mauersberger, R., Henkel, C., & Schilke, P., Astrophys. Space Sci.
156 (1989) 263.
- Nguyen, Q., Jackson, J.M., Henkel, C., Truony, B., & Mauersberger,
R., Astrophys. J. 399 (1992) 521.
- Xie, S., Young, J.S., & Schloerb, F.P., Astrophys. J. 421 (1994) 434.
- Higdon, J.L., Smith, B.J., Lord, S.D., & Rand, R.J., Astrophys. J.
438 (1995) L79.
- Israel, F.P., White, G.J., & Baas, F., Astron. Astrophys. 302 (1995) 343.
- Jackson, J.M., Paglione, T.A.D., Carlstrom, J.E., & Rieu, N.,
Astrophys. J. 438 (1995) 695.
- Paglione, T.A.D., Jackson, J.M., Ishizuki, S., & Rieu, N., Astron.
J. 109 (1995) 1716.
CO to H2 Conversion Factor:
- Sage, L.J., Share, S.N., & Solomon, P.M., Astrophys. J. 352 (1990) 422.
- Ohta, K., Tomita, A., Saito, M., Sasaki, M., & Nakai, N., Pub.
Astron. Soc. Japan. 45 (1993) L210.
General Discussion:
- Verter, F., Astrophys. J. Suppl. 65 (1987) 555.
- Solomon, P.M., & Sage, L.J., Astrophys. J. 334 (1988) 613.
- Verter, F., Astrophys. J. Suppl. 68 (1988) 129.
- Devereux, N.A., & Young, J.S., Astrophys. J. 359 (1990) 42.
- Schombert, J.M., Bothun, G.D., Impey, C.D., & Mundy, L.G., Astron.
J. 100 (1990) 1523.
- Wang, Z., Astrophys. J. 360 (1990) 529.
- Wang, Z., Astrophys. J. 360 (1990) 543.
- Casoli, F., Dupraz, C., & Combes, F., Astron. Astrophys. 264 (1992) 55.
- Gusten, R., Serabyn, E., Kasemann, C., Schinkel, A., Schneider,
G., Schulz, A., & Young, K., Astrophys. J. 402 (1993) 537.
- Suchkov, A., Allen, R.J., & Heckman, T.M., Astrophys. J. 413 (1993) 542.
- Combes, F., Prugniel, P., Rompazzo, R., Sulentic, J.W., Astron.
Astrophys. 281 (1994) 725.
- Aalto, S., Booth, R.S., Black, J.H., & Johansson, L.E.B., Astron.
Astrophys. 300 (1995) 369.
- Honma, M., Sofue, Y., & Arimoto, N., Astron. Astrophys. 304 (1995) 1.
- Sprayberry, D., Bernstein, G.M., Impey, C.D., & Bothun, C.D.,
Astrophys. J. 438 (1995) 72.
Extragalactic Megamasers:
- Ho, R.T.P., Martin, R.N., Henkel, C., & Turner, J.L., Astrophys. J.
320 (1987) 665.
- Mirabel, I.F., & Sanders, D.B., Astrophys. J. 322 (1987) 688.
- Martin, J.M., Bottinelli, L., Dennefeld, M., Gouguenheim, L., &
Le-Squeren, A.M., Astron. Astrophys. 201 (1988) L13.
Quasars:
- Brown, R.L., & vanden Bout, P.A., Astrophys. J. 412 (1993) L21.
- Scoville, N.Z., Padin, S., Sanders, D.B., Soifer, B.T., & Yun, M.S.,
Astrophys. J. 415 (1993) L75.
- O'Dea, C.P., Baum, S.A., & Gallimore, J.E., Astrophys. J. 436 (1994) 669.
- Wiklind, T., & Combes, F., Astron. Astrophys. 288 (1994) L41.
- Israel, F.P., Tacconi, L.J., & Baas, F., Astron. Astrophys. 295
(1995) 599.
|
Figure 6. Infrared luminosity and gas content
(sum of neutral and molecular hydrogen the latter being derived from
the CO-flux using the conventional conversion factor CO-flux to
MH2) [Young, J.S., Scoville, N.Z.,
Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 29 (1991) 581] for normal spiral
galaxies in the field and in groups (sample of selected nearby
galaxies and the Virgo cluster sample [Knapp, G.R., Helou, G., Stark,
A.A., Astron. J. 94 (1987) 54, and Kenney, J.D.P., Young, J.S.,
Astrophys. J. 344 (1989) 171] follow the same relation. Selected
nearby spiral galaxies are given by black dots. Virgo cluster galaxies
by open circles. The infrared luminosity and the dust mass have been
calculated following [Young, J.S., Xie, S., Kenney, J.D.P., Rice, W.L.,
Astrophys. J. Suppl. 70 (1989) 699.]
|
|
Figure 7. The (total) gas to dust ratio in the
field (dots, nearby sample as in Fig. 6) and in
the cluster (open
circles for the Virgo sample, see Fig. 6) seems
to be very
similar. The dust mass has been derived from the 60 µm and 100
µm IRAS fluxes. The solid line represents a gas-to-dust ratio of
1000.
|
|
Figure 8. The quantity
log(LFIR/MH2) has been
considered as a coefficient of star formation in galaxies. This
quantity is plotted against the ratio S60/S100
of IRAS fluxes at 60 µm and 100 µm which
corresponds to a
temperature scale (ca. 25 K to 40 K for most of the normal galaxies),
dots for the nearby galaxies, open circles for the Virgo sample.
Interacting and merging galaxies (open triangles from Young et al.
[Young, J.S.,
Scoville, N.Z., Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 29 (1991) 581]) tend to
show definitely more FIR emission and higher temperatures.
|
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