REFERENCES
- Alfaro, E. J., E. Pérez, and J. Franco (eds.),
2004, How Does the Galaxy Work?,
volume 315 of Astrophy. Space Sci. Lib. (Kluwer, Dordrecht).
- Ali, B., R. D. Blum, T. E. Bumgardner,
S. R. Cranmer, G. J. Ferland, R. I. Haefner, and G. P. Tiede,
1991, "The [Ne III]-[O II] Forbidden-line Spectrum as an Ionization
Indicator in Nebulae,"
Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 103, 1182-1186.
- Baker, R. I., L. M. Haffner, R. J. Reynolds, and
G. J. Madsen,
2004, "WHAM Multiwavelength Observations of the
Oph H II Region,"
volume 36 of
Bull. Am. Astron. Soc., 1573.
- Beck, R., A. Brandenburg, D. Moss,
A. Shukurov, and D. Sokoloff,
1996, "Galactic Magnetism: Recent Developments and Perspectives,"
Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 34, 155-206.
- Begelman, M. C., and A. C. Fabian,
1990, "Turbulent Mixing Layers in the Interstellar and Intracluster
Medium,"
Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 244, 26-29.
- Berkhuijsen, E. M., D. Mitra, and P. Mueller,
2006, "Filling Factors and Scale Heights of the Diffuse Ionized Gas in
the Milky Way,"
Astron. Nachr. 327, 82-96.
- Bland-Hawthorn, J., K. C. Freeman, and P. J. Quinn,
1997, "Where Do the Disks of Spiral Galaxies End?,"
Astrophys. J. 490, 143-155.
- Bland-Hawthorn, J., and P. R. Maloney,
1999, "The Escape of Ionizing Photons from the Galaxy,"
Astrophys. J. Lett. 510, L33-L36.
- Bland-Hawthorn, J., J. Sokolowski, and
G. Cecil, 1991, "Imaging Spectrophotometry of
Ionized Gas in NGC 1068. II - Global Ionization of the Inner Disk,"
Astrophys. J. 375, 78-84.
- Bland-Hawthorn, J., R. Sutherland, O. Agertz, and
B. Moore,
2007, "The Source of Ionization along the Magellanic Stream,"
Astrophys. J. Lett. 670, L109-L112.
- Bloemen, J. B. G. M., E. R. Deul, and
P. Thaddeus,
1990, "Decomposition of the FIR Milky Way Observed by IRAS,"
Astron. Astrophys. 233, 437-455.
- Boulares, A., and D. P. Cox,
1990, "Galactic Hydrostatic Equilibrium
with Magnetic Tension and Cosmic-Ray Diffusion,"
Astrophys. J. 365, 544-558.
- Cecil, G., J. Bland-Hawthorn, and
S. Veilleux,
2002, "Tightly Correlated X-ray /
H
-Emitting Filaments in
the Superbubble and Large-Scale Superwind of NGC 3079,"
Astrophys. J. 576, 745-752.
- Ciardi, B., S. Bianchi, and A. Ferrara,
2002, "Lyman Continuum Escape from an Inhomogeneous Interstellar
Medium,"
Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 331, 463-473.
- Clarke, C., and M. S. Oey,
2002, "Galactic Porosity and a Star
Formation Threshold for the Escape of Ionizing Radiation from Galaxies,"
Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 337, 1299-1308.
- Collins, J. A., and R. J. Rand,
2001, "Ionization Sources and Physical
Conditions in the Diffuse Ionized Gas Halos of Four Edge-on Galaxies,"
Astrophys. J. 551, 57-71.
- Cowie, L. L., and C. F. McKee,
1977, "The Evaporation of Spherical
Clouds in a Hot Gas. I - Classical and Saturated Mass Loss Rates,"
Astrophys. J. 211, 135-146.
- Cox, D. P., 2005, "The Three-Phase Interstellar
Medium Revisited,"
Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 43, 337-385.
- Cox, D. P., and L. Helenius,
2003, "Flux-Tube Dynamics and a Model for the Origin of the Local Fluff,"
Astrophys. J. 583, 205-228.
- Cox, D. P., and R. J. Reynolds, 1987, "The Local
Interstellar Medium,"
Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 25, 303-344.
- Cox, P., and P. G. Mezger, 1989, "The Galactic
Infrared/Submillimeter Dust Radiation,"
Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 1, 49-83.
- Dahlem, M., U. Lisenfeld, and G. Golla,
1995, "Star Formation Activity in Spiral Galaxy Disks and the Properties
of Radio Halos: Observational Evidence for a Direct Dependence,"
Astrophys. J. 444, 119-128.
- Dale, J. E., I. A. Bonnell, C. J. Clarke, and
M. R. Bate, 2005, "Photoionizing Feedback in Star Cluster Formation,"
Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 358, 291-304.
- Davidson, K., and H. Netzer, 1979, "The Emission
Lines of Quasars and Similar Objects,"
Rev. Mod. Phys. 51, 715-766.
- de Avillez, M. A., and D. L. Berry, 2001,
"Three-Dimensional Evolution of Worms and Chimneys in the Galactic
Disc,"
Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 328, 708-718.
- Dennison, B., J. H. Simonetti, and G. A. Topasna,
1998, "An Imaging Survey of Northern Galactic
H
Emission with
Arcminute Resolution,"
Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust. 15, 147-48.
- Dettmar, R.-J.,
1990, "The Distribution of the Diffuse Ionized Interstellar Medium
Perpendicular to the Disk of the Edge-on Galaxy NGC 891,"
Astron. Astrophys. 232, L15-L18.
- Dettmar, R.-J., 1992, "Extraplanar Diffuse
Ionized Gas and the Disk-Halo Connection in Spiral Galaxies,"
Fund. Cos. Phys. 15, 143-208.
- Dettmar, R.-J., 1998, "Diffuse Ionized Gas
in Halos of Spiral Galaxies," in IAU Colloq. 166: The Local Bubble
and Beyond, edited by D. Breitschwerdt, M. J. Freyberg, and
J. Truemper (Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York), volume 506 of
Lec. Not. Phys., 527-538.
- Dickey, J. M., and F. J. Lockman, 1990, "H I in
the Galaxy,"
Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 28, 215-261.
- Domgorgen, H., and J. S. Mathis, 1994, "The
Ionization of the Diffuse Ionized Gas,"
Astrophys. J. 428, 647-653.
- Dopita, M. A., and R. S. Sutherland,
2003, Astrophysics of the Diffuse Universe
(Springer, Berlin/New York).
- Dove, J. B., and J. M. Shull,
1994, "Photoionization of the Diffuse Interstellar Medium and Galactic
Halo by OB Associations,"
Astrophys. J. 430, 222-235.
- Dove, J. B., J. M. Shull, and A. Ferrara,
2000, "The Escape of Ionizing Photons from OB Associations in Disk
Galaxies: Radiation Transfer through Superbubbles,"
Astrophys. J. 531, 846-860.
- Ellis, G. R. A., M. D. Waterworth, and
M. S. Bessell, 1962, "Spectrum of the Galactic Radio Emission Between
10MHz and 1.5Mhz,"
Nature 196, 1079.
- Elmegreen, B. G.,
1997, "Intercloud Structure in a Turbulent Fractal Interstellar Medium,"
Astrophys. J. 477, 196-203.
- Elwert, T., and R.-J. Dettmar,
2005, "Constraining the Extra Heating of the Diffuse Ionized Gas in the
Milky Way,"
Astrophys. J. 632, 277-282.
- Ercolano, B., M. J. Barlow, P. J. Storey, and
X.-W. Liu, 2003, "MOCASSIN: A Fully Three-Dimensional Monte Carlo
Photoionization Code,"
Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 340, 1136-1152.
- Ferguson, A. M. N., R. F. G. Wyse,
J. S. Gallagher, III, and D. A. Hunter, 1996, "Diffuse
Ionized Gas in Spiral Galaxies: Probing Lyman Continuum Photon Leakage
from H II Regions?,"
Astron. J. 111, 2265-2279.
- Ferland, G. J., 2001, "Physical Conditions in
the Orion H II Region,"
Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 113, 41-48.
- Ferland, G. J., 2003, "Quantitative
Spectroscopy of Photoionized Clouds,"
Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 41, 517-554.
- Ferrière, K. M., 2001, "The
Interstellar Environment of Our Galaxy,"
Rev. Mod. Phys. 73, 1031-1066.
- Field, G. B., 1975, "Heating and Ionization
of the Interstellar Medium - Star Formation," in
Atomic and Molecular Physics and the Interstellar
Matter, edited by R. Balian,
P. Encrenaz, and J. Lequeux (North-Holland, Amsterdam), 467-531.
- Finkbeiner, D. P.,
2003, "A Full-Sky H
Template
for Microwave Foreground Prediction,"
Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 146, 407-415.
- Franco, J., G. Tenorio-Tagle, and
P. Bodenheimer, 1990, "On the Formation and Expansion of H II Regions,"
Astrophys. J. 349, 126-140.
- Frisch, P. C., and J. D. Slavin,
2003, "The Chemical Composition and Gas-to-Dust Mass Ratio of Nearby
Interstellar Matter,"
Astrophys. J. 594, 844-858.
- Gaensler, B. M., G. J. Madsen, S. Chatterjee, and
S. A. Mao, 2008, "The Vertical Structure of Warm Ionised Gas in the
Milky Way,"
Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust. in press.
- Gaustad, J. E., P. R. McCullough, W. Rosing, and
D. Van Buren, 2001, "A Robotic Wide-Angle
H
Survey of the Southern
Sky,"
Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 113, 1326-1348.
- Giammanco, C., J. E. Beckman, and B. Cedrés,
2005, "Effects of Photon Escape on Diagnostic Diagrams for H II
Regions,"
Astron. Astrophys. 438, 599-610.
- Giammanco, C., J. E. Beckman, A. Zurita, and
M. Relaño, 2004, "Propagation of Ionizing Radiation
in H II Regions: The Effects of Optically Thick Density Fluctuations,"
Astron. Astrophys. 424, 877-885.
- Gry, C., and E. B. Jenkins,
2001, "Local Clouds: Ionization, Temperatures, Electron Densities and
Interfaces, from GHRS and IMAPS Spectra of Epsilon Canis Majoris,"
Astron. Astrophys. 367, 617-628.
- Guélin, M.,
1974, "Free Electrons outside H II Regions," in
Galactic Radio Astronomy, edited by F. J. Kerr and
S. C. Simonson (D. Reidel, Dordrecht-Holland/Boston), volume 60 of
IAU Symposium, 51-63.
- Haffner, L. M.,
2005, "The Ionized Component of Intermediate-Velocity
Cloud Complex L," in Extra-Planar Gas, edited by R. Braun
(ASP, San Francisco), volume 331 of Astron. Soc. Pac. Conf. Ser.,
25-32.
- Haffner, L. M., R. J. Reynolds, and S. L. Tufte,
1999, "WHAM Observations of H
, [S II], and [N II] toward the Orion and Perseus Arms:
Probing the Physical Conditions of the Warm Ionized Medium,"
Astrophys. J. 523, 223-233.
- Haffner, L. M., R. J. Reynolds, and
S. L. Tufte,
2001, "A Map of the Ionized Component of the Intermediate-Velocity Cloud
Complex K,"
Astrophys. J. Lett. 556, L33-L36.
- Haffner, L. M., R. J. Reynolds, S. L. Tufte,
G. J. Madsen, K. P. Jaehnig, and J. W. Percival,
2003, "The Wisconsin H
Mapper Northern Sky Survey,"
Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 149, 405-422.
- Hartmann, D., and W. B. Burton,
1997, Atlas of Galactic Neutral Hydrogen
(Cambridge University, UK).
- Hausen, N. R., R. J. Reynolds, and
L. M. Haffner, 2002, "Measurements of [O I]
6300 /
H
Line
Intensity Ratios for Four O Star H II Regions,"
Astron. J. 124, 3336-3339.
- Heald, G. H., R. J. Rand, R. A. Benjamin,
J. A. Collins, and J. Bland-Hawthorn,
2006, "Imaging Fabry-Perot Spectroscopy of NGC 5775: Kinematics of the
Diffuse Ionized Gas Halo,"
Astrophys. J. 636, 181-199.
- Heiles, C.,
1986, "Supernovae, the Interstellar Medium, and the
Gaseous Halo: The Swashbuckler's Approach," in
Gaseous Halos of Galaxies, edited by J. N. Bregman and
F. J. Lockman (NRAO, Green Bank), 79.
- Hewish, A., S. J. Bell, J. D. Pilkington,
P. F. Scott, and R. A. Collins, 1968, "Observation of a Rapidly
Pulsating Radio Source,"
Nature 217, 709-713.
- Hidalgo-Gámez, A. M.,
2005, "The Diffuse Ionized Gas in the Large Telescopes
Era," volume 24 of Rev. Mex. Astron. Astrofis.Conf. Ser.,
288-293.
- Hill, A. S., R. A. Benjamin, G. Kowal,
R. J. Reynolds, L. M. Haffner, and A. Lazarian,
2008, "The Turbulent Warm Ionized Medium: Emission Measure Distribution
and MHD Simulations,"
Astrophys. J. 686, 363-378.
- Hill, A. S., D. R. Stinebring, H. A. Barnor,
D. E. Berwick, and A. B. Webber, 2003, "Pulsar Scintillation Arcs. I.
Frequency Dependence,"
Astrophys. J. 599, 457-464.
- Hills, J. G., 1972, "An Explanation of the Cloudy
Structure of the Interstellar Medium,"
Astron. Astrophys. 17, 155-160.
- Hoopes, C. G., and R. A. M. Walterbos, 2003,
"Optical Spectroscopy and Ionization Models of the Diffuse Ionized Gas
in M33, M51/NGC 5195, and M81,"
Astrophys. J. 586, 902-922.
- Howk, J. C., and B. D. Savage,
2000, "The Multiphase Halo of NGC 891: WIYN
H
and BVI Imaging,"
Astron. J. 119, 644-667.
- Howk, J. C., K. R. Sembach, and B. D. Savage,
2003, "Ionized Gas in the First 10 Kiloparsecs of the Interstellar
Galactic Halo,"
Astrophys. J. 586, 249-267.
- Hoyle, F., and G. R. A. Ellis,
1963, "On the Existence of an Ionized Layer about the Galactic Plane,"
Aust. J. Phys. 16, 1-7.
- Kim, Y., G. H. Rieke, O. Krause,
K. Misselt, R. Indebetouw, and K. E. Johnson, 2008, "Structure of the
Interstellar Medium around Cas A,"
Astrophys. J. 678, 287-296.
- Koo, B.-C., C. Heiles, and W. T. Reach,
1992, "Galactic Worms. I - Catalog of Worm Candidates,"
Astrophys. J. 390, 108-132.
- Kowal, G., A. Lazarian, and A. Beresnyak,
2007, "Density Fluctuations in MHD Turbulence: Spectra, Intermittency,
and Topology,"
Astrophys. J. 658, 423-445.
- Kulkarni, S. R., and C. Heiles, 1987, "The
Atomic Component," in
Interstellar Processes, edited by
D. J. Hollenbach and H. A. Thronson, Jr. (D. Reidel, Dordrecht), volume
134 of Astrophy. Space Sci. Lib., 87-122.
- Kutyrev, A. S., C. L. Bennett, S. H. Moseley,
D. Rapchun, and K. P. Stewart,
2004, "Near Infrared Cryogenic Tunable Solid Fabry-Perot
Spectrometer," in
Ground-based Instrumentation for Astronomy, edited by
A. F. M. Moorwood and M. Iye, volume 5492 of Proc. SPIE,
1172-1178.
- Lehnert, M. D., and T. M. Heckman, 1995,
"Ionized Gas in the Halos of Edge-on, Starburst Galaxies: Data and
Results,"
Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 97, 89-139.
- Lockman, F. J.,
2004, "The Hydrogen Clouds in the Galactic Halo," in
Recycling Intergalactic and Interstellar Matter, edited by
P.-A. Duc, J. Braine, and E. Brinks (ASP, San Francisco), volume 217 of
IAU Symposium, 130.
- Mac Low, M.-M., and A. Ferrara, 1999,
"Starburst-Driven Mass Loss from Dwarf Galaxies: Efficiency and Metal
Ejection,"
Astrophys. J. 513, 142-155.
- Madsen, G. J., 2004, An Exploration of the
Heterogeneous Nature of the Warm Ionized Medium in the Galaxy,
Ph.D. thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
- Madsen, G. J., and R. J. Reynolds,
2005, "An Investigation of Diffuse Interstellar Gas toward a Large,
Low-Extinction Window into the Inner Galaxy,"
Astrophys. J. 630, 925-944.
- Madsen, G. J., R. J. Reynolds, and
L. M. Haffner, 2006, "A Multiwavelength Optical Emission Line Survey of
Warm Ionized Gas in the Galaxy,"
Astrophys. J. 652, 401-425.
- Mathis, J. S., 1986, "The Photoionization of the
Diffuse Galactic Gas,"
Astrophys. J. 301, 423-429.
- Mathis, J. S., 2000, "The Warm Ionized Medium in the
Milky Way and Other Galaxies,"
Astrophys. J. 544, 347-355.
- Mathis, J. S., and K. Wood,
2005, "The Effects of Clumping on Derived Abundances in H II Regions,"
Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 360, 227-235.
- McClure-Griffiths, N. M., A. Ford,
D. J. Pisano, B. K. Gibson, L. Staveley-Smith, M. R. Calabretta,
L. Dedes, and P. M. W. Kalberla, 2006, "Evidence for Chimney Breakout in
the Galactic Supershell GSH 242-03+37,"
Astrophys. J. 638, 196-205.
- McKee, C. F., and J. P. Ostriker,
1977, "A Theory of the Interstellar Medium - Three Components Regulated
by Supernova Explosions in an Inhomogeneous Substrate,"
Astrophys. J. 218, 148-169.
- Mierkiewicz, E. J., R. J. Reynolds,
F. L. Roesler, J. M. Harlander, and K. P. Jaehnig,
2006, "Detection of Diffuse Interstellar [O II] Emission from the Milky
Way Using Spatial Heterodyne Spectroscopy,"
Astrophys. J. Lett. 650, L63-L66.
- Miller, S. T., and S. Veilleux,
2003, "Extraplanar Emission-Line Gas in Edge-on Spiral Galaxies. I. Deep
Emission-Line Imaging,"
Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 148, 383-417.
- Miller, W. W. I., and D. P. Cox, 1993, "The
Diffuse Ionized Interstellar Medium: Structures Resulting from
Ionization by O Stars,"
Astrophys. J. 417, 579-594.
- Minter, A. H., and S. R. Spangler, 1997,
"Heating of the Interstellar Diffuse Ionized Gas via the Dissipation of
Turbulence,"
Astrophys. J. 485, 182-194.
- Monnet, G., 1971, "Evidence for a New Class
of Very Extended H II Regions in the Disks of SC Galaxies,"
Astron. Astrophys. 12, 379-387.
- Norman, C. A., and S. Ikeuchi,
1989, "The Disk-Halo Interaction - Superbubbles and the Structure of the
Interstellar Medium,"
Astrophys. J. 345, 372-383.
- Och, S. R., L. B. Lucy, and M. R. Rosa,
1998, "Diffuse Radiation in Models of Photoionized Nebulae,"
Astron. Astrophys. 336, 301-308.
- Oegerle, W. R., E. B. Jenkins,
R. L. Shelton, D. V. Bowen, and P. Chayer, 2005, "A Survey of O VI
Absorption in the Local Interstellar Medium,"
Astrophys. J. 622, 377-389.
- Oey, M. S., G. R. Meurer, S. Yelda,
E. J. Furst, S. M. Caballero-Nieves, D. J. Hanish, E. M. Levesque,
D. A. Thilker, G. L. Walth, J. Bland-Hawthorn, M. A. Dopita,
H. C. Ferguson, et al., 2007, "The Survey for
Ionization in Neutral Gas Galaxies. III. Diffuse, Warm Ionized Medium and
Escape of Ionizing Radiation,"
Astrophys. J. 661, 801-814.
- Osterbrock, D., and E. Flather,
1959, "Electron Densities in the Orion Nebula. II.,"
Astrophys. J. 129, 26-43.
- Osterbrock, D. E.,
1989, Astrophysics of
Gaseous Nebulae and Active Galactic Nuclei (University Science
Books, Mill Valley).
- Osterbrock, D. E., and G. J. Ferland,
2006, Astrophysics of Gaseous Nebulae and Active
Galactic Nuclei (University Science Books, Sausalito, CA).
- Otte, B., J. S. Gallagher, III, and R. J.
Reynolds, 2002, "Emission-Line Ratios and Variations in Temperature and
Ionization State in the Diffuse Ionized Gas of Five Edge-on Galaxies,"
Astrophys. J. 572, 823-837.
- Otte, B., R. J. Reynolds, J. S. Gallagher,
III, and A. M. N. Ferguson, 2001, "Searching for Additional Heating: [O
II] Emission in the Diffuse Ionized Gas of NGC 891, NGC 4631, and NGC
3079,"
Astrophys. J. 560, 207-221.
- Pidopryhora, Y., F. J. Lockman, and
J. C. Shields, 2007, "The Ophiuchus Superbubble: A Gigantic Eruption
from the Inner Disk of the Milky Way,"
Astrophys. J. 656, 928-942.
- Pildis, R. A., J. N. Bregman, and J. M. Schombert,
1994, "Extraplanar Emission-Line Gas in Edge-on Galaxies,"
Astrophys. J. 427, 160-164.
- Putman, M. E., J. Bland-Hawthorn, S. Veilleux,
B. K. Gibson, K. C. Freeman, and P. R. Maloney,
2003, "H
Emission from
High-Velocity Clouds and Their Distances,"
Astrophys. J. 597, 948-956.
- Ranalli, P., A. Comastri, and G. Setti,
2003, "The 2-10 keV Luminosity as a Star Formation Rate Indicator,"
Astron. Astrophys. 399, 39-50.
- Rand, R. J., 1996, "Diffuse Ionized Gas in Nine
Edge-on Galaxies,"
Astrophys. J. 462, 712-724.
- Rand, R. J., 1997, "A Very Deep Spectrum of the
Diffuse Ionized Gas in NGC 891,"
Astrophys. J. 474, 129-139.
- Rand, R. J., 1998, "Further Spectroscopy of
the Diffuse Ionized Gas in NGC 891 and Evidence for a Secondary Source
of Ionization,"
Astrophys. J. 501, 137-152.
- Rand, R. J., S. R. Kulkarni, and J. J. Hester,
1990, "The Distribution of Warm Ionized Gas in NGC 891,"
Astrophys. J. Lett. 352, L1-L4.
- Raymond, J. C., 1992, "Microflare Heating
of the Galactic Halo,"
Astrophys. J. 384, 502-507.
- Reber, G., and G. R. Ellis,
1956, "Cosmic Radio-Frequency Radiation Near One Megacycle,"
J. Geophys. Res. 61, 1-10.
- Reynolds, R. J., 1971, An
Investigation into the Optical Fluorescence of Interstellar
Hydrogen,
Ph.D. thesis, University of Wisconsin - Madison.
- Reynolds, R. J., 1984, "A Measurement of
the Hydrogen Recombination Rate in the Diffuse Interstellar Medium,"
Astrophys. J. 282, 191-196.
- Reynolds, R. J., 1985a, "Detection of the
Forbidden [O III]
5007 Emission Line in the Galactic Background,"
Astrophys. J. Lett. 298, L27-L30.
- Reynolds, R. J., 1985b, "[S II]
6716 in the Galactic Emission-Line Background,"
Astrophys. J. 294, 256-262.
- Reynolds, R. J.,
1988, "[S II]/H
Intensity Ratios in Faint, Extended H II Regions and the Origin of the
Interstellar Emission-Line Background,"
Astrophys. J. 333, 341-352.
- Reynolds, R. J.,
1989, "The Column Density and Scale Height of Free Electrons in the
Galactic Disk,"
Astrophys. J. Lett. 339, L29-L32.
- Reynolds, R. J.,
1991a, "Ionized Disk/Halo Gas - Insight from Optical
Emission Lines and Pulsar Dispersion Measures," in The
Interstellar Disk-Halo Connection in Galaxies, edited by H. Bloemen
(Kluwer, Dordrecht), volume 144 of IAU Symposium, 67-76.
- Reynolds, R. J., 1991b, "Line Integrals of
ne and ne2 at High
Galactic Latitude,"
Astrophys. J. Lett. 372, L17-L20.
- Reynolds, R. J., 2004, "Warm Ionized Gas
in the Local Interstellar Medium,"
Adv. Space Res. 34, 27-34.
- Reynolds, R. J., V. Chaudhary, G. J. Madsen, and
L. M. Haffner, 2005, "Unresolved
H
Enhancements at High Galactic Latitude in the WHAM Sky Survey Maps,"
Astron. J. 129, 927-934.
- Reynolds, R. J., and D. P. Cox,
1992, "Heating the Warm Ionized Medium,"
Astrophys. J. Lett. 400, L33-L34.
- Reynolds, R. J., L. M. Haffner, and S. L. Tufte,
1999, "Evidence for an Additional Heat Source in the Warm Ionized Medium
of Galaxies,"
Astrophys. J. Lett. 525, L21-L24.
- Reynolds, R. J., N. R. Hausen,
S. L. Tufte, and L. M. Haffner, 1998, "Detection of [O I]
6300 Emission from the
Diffuse Interstellar Medium,"
Astrophys. J. Lett. 494, L99-L102.
- Reynolds, R. J., and P. M. Ogden,
1979, "Optical Evidence for a Very Large, Expanding Shell Associated
with the I Orion OB Association, Barnard's Loop, and the High Galactic
Latitude H
Filaments in
Eridanus,"
Astrophys. J. 229, 942-953.
- Reynolds, R. J., F. Scherb, and F. L. Roesler,
1973, "Observations of Diffuse Galactic
H
and [N II] Emission,"
Astrophys. J. 185, 869-876.
- Reynolds, R. J., N. C. Sterling, and
L. M. Haffner, 2001a, "Detection of a Large
Arc of Ionized Hydrogen Far Above the Cassiopeia OB6 Association: A
Superbubble Blowout into the Galactic Halo?,"
Astrophys. J. Lett. 558, L101-L104.
- Reynolds, R. J., N. C. Sterling,
L. M. Haffner, and S. L. Tufte, 2001b, "Detection of
[N II]
5755
Emission from Low-Density Ionized Interstellar Gas,"
Astrophys. J. Lett. 548, L221-L224.
- Reynolds, R. J., and S. L. Tufte,
1995, "A Search for the He I
5876 Recombination
Line from the Diffuse Interstellar Medium,"
Astrophys. J. Lett. 439, L17-L20.
- Reynolds, R. J., S. L. Tufte,
D. T. Kung, P. R. McCullough, and C. Heiles,
1995, "A Comparison of Diffuse Ionized and Neutral Hydrogen away from
the Galactic Plane:
H
-Emitting H I Clouds,"
Astrophys. J. 448, 715-726.
- Ricotti, M., and J. M. Shull,
2000, "Feedback from Galaxy Formation: Escaping Ionizing Radiation from
Galaxies at High Redshift,"
Astrophys. J. 542, 548-558.
- Rossa, J., and R.-J. Dettmar,
2000, "Extraplanar Diffuse Ionized Gas in a Small Sample of Nearby
Edge-on Galaxies,"
Astron. Astrophys. 359, 433-446.
- Rossa, J., and R.-J. Dettmar,
2003a, "An H
Survey
Aiming at the Detection of Extraplanar Diffuse Ionized Gas in Halos of
Edge-on Spiral Galaxies. I. How Common Are Gaseous Halos among
Non-starburst Galaxies?,"
Astron. Astrophys. 406, 493-503.
- Rossa, J., and R.-J. Dettmar,
2003b, "An H
Survey
Aiming at the Detection of Extraplanar Diffuse Ionized Gas in Halos of
Edge-on Spiral Galaxies. II. The
H
Survey Atlas and Catalog,"
Astron. Astrophys. 406, 505-525.
- Rossa, J., R.-J. Dettmar, R. A. M. Walterbos, and
C. A. Norman, 2004, "A Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2 Investigation of the
Disk-Halo Interface in NGC 891,"
Astron. J. 128, 674-686.
- Rozas, M., A. Zurita,
C. H. Heller, and J. E. Beckman, 1999, "Global Properties of the
Population of H II Regions in NGC 7479 from Photometric
H
Imaging,"
Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 135, 145-158.
- Savage, B. D., K. R. Sembach,
E. B. Jenkins, J. M. Shull, D. G. York, G. Sonneborn, H. W. Moos,
S. D. Friedman, J. C. Green, W. R. Oegerle, W. P. Blair, J. W. Kruk,
et al., 2000, "Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer
Observations of O VI Absorption in the Galactic Halo,"
Astrophys. J. Lett. 538, L27-L30.
- Savage, B. D., K. R. Sembach, B. P. Wakker,
P. Richter, M. Meade, E. B. Jenkins, J. M. Shull, H. W. Moos, and
G. Sonneborn, 2003, "Distribution and Kinematics of O VI in the Galactic
Halo,"
Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 146, 125-164.
- Sembach, K. R., J. C. Howk, R. S. I. Ryans, and
F. P. Keenan, 2000, "Modeling the Warm Ionized Interstellar Medium and
its Impact on Elemental Abundance Studies,"
Astrophys. J. 528, 310-324.
- Sembach, K. R., and B. D. Savage,
1992, "Observations of Highly Ionized Gas in the Galactic Halo,"
Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 83, 147-201.
- Sembach, K. R., B. P. Wakker,
B. D. Savage, P. Richter, M. Meade, J. M. Shull, E. B. Jenkins,
G. Sonneborn, and H. W. Moos,
2003, "Highly Ionized High-Velocity Gas in the Vicinity of the Galaxy,"
Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 146, 165-208.
- Shapiro, P. R., and R. A. Benjamin,
1991, "New Results Concerning the Galactic Fountain,"
Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 103, 923-927.
- Slavin, J. D., and P. C. Frisch,
2002, "The Ionization of Nearby Interstellar Gas,"
Astrophys. J. 565, 364-379.
- Slavin, J. D., J. M. Shull, and M. C. Begelman,
1993, "Turbulent Mixing Layers in the Interstellar Medium of Galaxies,"
Astrophys. J. 407, 83-99.
- Smith, R. K., M. W. Bautz, R. J. Edgar,
R. Fujimoto, K. Hamaguchi, J. P. Hughes, M. Ishida, R. Kelley,
C. A. Kilbourne, K. D. Kuntz, D. McCammon, E. Miller, et al.,
2007, "Suzaku Observations of the Local and Distant Hot ISM,"
Publ. Astron. Soc. Jap. 59, 141-150.
- Spitzer, L.,
1978, Physical Processes in the Interstellar
Medium (Wiley-Interscience, New York).
- Spitzer, L. J., and E. L. Fitzpatrick,
1993, "Composition of Interstellar Clouds in the Disk and Halo. I - HD
93521,"
Astrophys. J. 409, 299-318.
- Strickland, D. K., T. M. Heckman,
E. J. M. Colbert, C. G. Hoopes, and K. A. Weaver, 2004a, "A High Spatial
Resolution X-ray and H
Studyof Hot Gas in the Halos of Star-Forming Disk Galaxies. I. Spatial
and Spectral Properties of the Diffuse X-ray Emission,"
Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 151, 193-236.
- Strickland, D. K., T. M. Heckman,
E. J. M. Colbert, C. G. Hoopes, and K. A. Weaver, 2004b, "A High
Spatial Resolution X-ray and
H
Study of Hot Gas in
the Halos of Star-Forming Disk Galaxies. II. Quantifying Supernova
Feedback,"
Astrophys. J. 606, 829-852.
- Strömgren, B.,
1939, "The Physical State of Interstellar Hydrogen.,"
Astrophys. J. 89, 526-547.
- Strömgren, B.,
1948, "On the Density Distribution and Chemical Composition of the
Interstellar Gas.,"
Astrophys. J. 108, 242-275.
- Terebey, S., M. Fich, R. Taylor,
Y. Cao, and T. Hancock, 2003, "The Impact of Ionizing Stars on
the Diffuse Interstellar Medium: A Swept-up Shell and Ionized Halo
around the W4 Chimney/Superbubble,"
Astrophys. J. 590, 906-916.
- Tufte, S. L.,
1997, The WHAM Spectrometer: Design, Performance Characteristics,
and First Results,
Ph.D. thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
- Tufte, S. L., R. J. Reynolds, and L. M. Haffner,
1998, "WHAM Observations of
H
Emission from High-Velocity Clouds in the M, A, and C Complexes,"
Astrophys. J. 504, 773-784.
- Tufte, S. L., J. D. Wilson, G. J. Madsen,
L. M. Haffner, and R. J. Reynolds,
2002, "WHAM Observations of
H
from High-Velocity
Clouds: Are They Galactic or Extragalactic?,"
Astrophys. J. Lett. 572, L153-L156.
- Tüllmann, R., and R.-J. Dettmar,
2000, "Spectroscopy of Diffuse Ionized Gas in Halos of Selected Edge-on
Galaxies,"
Astron. Astrophys. 362, 119-132.
- Tüllmann, R., R.-J. Dettmar,
M. Soida, M. Urbanik, and J. Rossa,
2000, "The Thermal and Non-thermal Gaseous Halo of NGC 5775,"
Astron. Astrophys. 364, L36-L41.
- Tüllmann, R., W. Pietsch, J. Rossa,
D. Breitschwerdt, and R.-J. Dettmar, 2006, "The Multi-phase Gaseous Halos of
Star Forming Late-type Galaxies. I. XMM-Newton Observations of the Hot
Ionized Medium,"
Astron. Astrophys. 448, 43-75.
- Veilleux, S., G. Cecil, and J. Bland-Hawthorn,
2005, "Galactic Winds,"
Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 43, 769-826.
- Voges, E. S.,
2006, The Ionization Sources of the Diffuse Ionized Gas in Nearby
Disk Galaxies,
Ph.D. thesis, New Mexico State University.
- Voges, E. S., and R. A. M. Walterbos,
2006, "Detection of [O I]
6300 and Other
Diagnostic Emission Lines in the Diffuse Ionized Gas of M33 with
Gemini-North,"
Astrophys. J. Lett. 644, L29-L32.
- Wakker, B. P.,
2004, "Recent Developments Concerning High-Velocity Clouds,"
Astrophy. Space Sci. 289, 381-390.
- Wang, Q. D., S. Immler, R. Walterbos,
J. T. Lauroesch, and D. Breitschwerdt,
2001, "Chandra Detection of a Hot Gaseous Corona around the Edge-on
Galaxy NGC 4631,"
Astrophys. J. Lett. 555, L99-L102.
- Weiner, B. J., and T. B. Williams,
1996, "Detection of H
Emission from the Magellanic Stream: Evidence for an Extended Gaseous
Galactic Halo,"
Astron. J. 111, 1156-1163.
- Weingartner, J. C., and B. T. Draine,
2001, "Photoelectric Emission from Interstellar Dust: Grain Charging and
Gas Heating,"
Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 134, 263-281.
- Williams, R. E., 1992, "Incorporation of
Density Fluctuations into Photoionization Calculations,"
Astrophys. J. 392, 99-105.
- Wood, K., L. M. Haffner, R. J. Reynolds,
J. S. Mathis, and G. Madsen,
2005, "Estimating the Porosity of the Interstellar Medium from
Three-Dimensional Photoionization Modeling of H II Regions,"
Astrophys. J. 633, 295-308.
- Wood, K., and A. Loeb,
2000, "Escape of Ionizing Radiation from High-Redshift Galaxies,"
Astrophys. J. 545, 86-99.
- Wood, K., and J. S. Mathis,
2004, "Monte Carlo Photoionization Simulations of Diffuse Ionized Gas,"
Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 353, 1126-1134.
- Wood, K., J. S. Mathis, and B. Ercolano,
2004, "A Three-Dimensional Monte Carlo Photoionization Code for
Modelling Diffuse Ionized Gas,"
Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 348, 1337-1347.
- Zurita, A., J. E. Beckman, M. Rozas, and S. Ryder,
2002, "The Origin of the Ionization of the Diffuse Ionized Gas in
Spirals. II. Modelling the Distribution of Ionizing Radiation in NGC
157,"
Astron. Astrophys. 386, 801-815.
- Zurita, A., M. Rozas, and J. E. Beckman,
2000, "The Origin of the Ionization of the Diffuse Interstellar Medium
in Spiral Galaxies. I. Photometric Measurements,"
Astron. Astrophys. 363, 9-28.