astro-ph/0103017

Abstract. I review the standard paradigm for understanding the formation and evolution of cosmic structure, based on the gravitational instability of dark matter, but many variations on this basic theme are viable. Despite the great progress that has undoubtedly been made, steps are difficult because of uncertainties in the cosmological parameters, in the modelling of relevant physical processes involved in galaxy formation, and perhaps most fundamentally in the relationship between galaxies and the underlying distribution of matter. For the foreseeable future, therefore, this field will be led by observational developments allowing model parameters to be tuned and, hopefully, particular scenarios falsified. In these lectures I focus on two ingredients in this class of models: (i) the role of galaxy bias in interpreting clustering data; and (ii) the statistical properties of the initial fluctuations. In the later case, I discuss some ideas as to how the standard assumption - that the primordial density fluctuations constitute a Gaussian random field - can be tested using measurements galaxy clustering and the cosmic microwave background.

Keywords: cosmology, large-scale structure of the Universe, galaxy formation

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION

COSMOLOGICAL STRUCTURE FORMATION

Basics of the Big Bang

Linear Perturbation Theory

Primordial density fluctuations

The transfer function

Beyond linear theory

Models of structure formation

OBSERVATIONAL PROSPECTS

Redshift surveys

The Galaxy Power-spectrum

The abundances of objects

High-redshift clustering

Higher-order Statistics

Peculiar Motions

Gravitational Lensing

The Cosmic Microwave Background

TESTING COSMOLOGICAL GAUSSIANITY

Fourier Description of Cosmological Density Fields

The Bispectrum and Phase Coupling

Visualizing and Quantifying Phase Information

BIAS AND HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING

Hierarchical Clustering

Local Bias

Halo Bias

Progress on Biasing

DISCUSSION

REFERENCES