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Article Contents

ABSTRACT

1.INTRODUCTION

1.1.What is a Bulge? Classical and Physical Morphology

2.SECULAR EVOLUTION OF BARRED GALAXIES

2.1.Morphology of Barred Galaxies

2.2.Dynamics of Barred Galaxies: The Importance of Resonances

2.3.Bar-Driven Radial Transport of Gas: The Formation of Rings

3.THE SECULAR EVOLUTION OF UNBARRED GALAXIES

3.1.Many Apparently Unbarred Galaxies Show Bars in the Infrared

3.2.Oval Galaxies

3.3.The Demise of Bars

3.4.Global Pattern Spirals

3.5.Conclusion

4.THE OBSERVED PROPERTIES OF PSEUDOBULGES

4.1.Embedded Disks, Spiral Structure, and Star Formation

4.2.Exponential Bulges

4.3.Some Bulges Are As Flat As Disks

4.4.Bars Within Bars

4.5.Box-Shaped Bulges

4.6.Bulges with the Dynamics of Disks: The V / - Diagram

4.7.Velocity Dispersions and the Faber-Jackson Relation

4.8.Pseudobulges and the Fundamental Plane Correlations

4.9.Nuclei

4.10.In Which Pseudobulges Fade Out into Disks

5.CENTRAL STAR FORMATION AND PSEUDOBULGE GROWTH

5.1.Case Studies: NGC 1326, NGC 1512, NGC 4314, and NGC 5248

5.2.General Properties of Circumnuclear Regions

5.3.Constraining Evolution Timescales and Pseudobulge Growth

6.COSMOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF SECULAR EVOLUTION

6.1.Evolution Along the Hubble Sequence

6.2.Merger-Induced Versus Secular Star Formation in Bulges

7.COMPLICATIONS

7.1.Pseudobulges Do Not Have To Be Flat

7.2.Pseudobulges Do Not Have To Be Young

8.CAVEATS

8.1.Stellar Populations in Classical Bulges and Pseudobulges

8.2.Can Minor Accretion Events Mimic Pseudobulge Growth?

8.3.Disky Distortions in Elliptical Galaxies

9.CONCLUSION

9.1.A Preliminary Prescription for Recognizing Pseudobulges

9.2.Perspective

REFERENCES