We have seen in Sec. 10 that the baryonic density parameter, Ωb, is very small. The critical density Ωcrit is determined by the expansion speed of the Universe, and the mean baryonic density of the Universe (stars, interstellar and intergalactic gas) is only Ωb = 0.045 [49].
The question arises whether the galaxies could have formed from primordial density fluctuations in a purely baryonic medium. We have also noted, that the fluctuations in CMB and BAO maintain adiabaticity. The amplitude of the primordial baryon density fluctuations would have needed to be very large in order to form the observed number of galaxies. But then the amplitude of the CMB fluctuations would also have been very large, leading to intolerably large CMB anisotropies today. Thus galaxy formation in purely baryonic matter is ruled out by this argument alone.
Thus one concludes, that the galaxies could only have been formed in the presence of gravitating dark matter which started to fluctuate early, unhindered by radiation pressure. This conclusion is further strengthened in the next Section.