Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 1992. 30: 311-358 Copyright © 1992 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved

Reprinted with kind permission from Annual Reviews, 4139 El Camino Way, Palo Alto, California, USA

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Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION

History

This Review

SECURE LENSES

Multiple Quasars

Arcs

Radio Rings

GRAVITATIONAL LENS OPTICS

Ray Reflections and the Lens Equation

Simple Lens Models

Caustics and Congruences

Time Delay

Microlensing

Observables and Model Fitting

COSMOGRAPHY

Hubble Constant

Deceleration Parameter

Alternative Cosmologies

DARK MATTER

Our Galaxy

External Galaxies

Clusters of Galaxies

Large-Scale Structure and Intergalactic Medium

QUASARS AND GALAXIES AT HIGH REDSHIFT

Quasar Emission Regions

Magnified Images of Galaxies and Radio Sources

Exploitation of Time Delays

Quasar Absorption Lines

Quasar Luminosity Function

Microwave Background

SEARCHES FOR GRAVITATIONAL LENSES

Radio Surveys

Optical Surveys

OUTLOOK

REFERENCES