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Article Contents

ABSTRACT

1.INTRODUCTION
1.1.Outline
1.2.Fast versus slow processes of galaxy evolution
1.3.A comment about the name "pseudobulges"

2.SELF-GRAVITATING SYSTEMS EVOLVE BY SPREADING
2.1.If dynamical support is by random motions
2.2.If dynamical support is by rotation
2.3.Spreading in various kinds of self-gravitating systems
2.4.What kinds of galaxy disks evolve secularly?

3.THE STUDY OF GALAXY EVOLUTION - STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
3.1.Inner rings "(r)" and outer rings "(R)"
3.2.Lens Components "(lens)"
3.3.Oval Disks
3.4.Classical versus physical morphology of galaxies

4.A HEURISTIC INTRODUCTION TO BARS AND SPIRAL STRUCTURE
4.1.Orbital resonances in a galactic disk
4.2.Bars and spirals as almost-kinematic density waves
4.3.The growth, structural evolution and death of bars

5.SECULAR EVOLUTION AND THE GROWTH OF PSEUDOBULGES
5.1.The response of gas to a rotating bar: Construction of outer rings, inner rings and pseudobulges
5.2.The observed properties of pseudobulges
5.3.Pseudobulges classification criteria
5.4.Secular evolution and hierarchical clustering

6.ASTROPHYSICAL IMPLICATIONS OF PSEUDOBULGES
6.1.A challenge for our theory of galaxy formation by hierarchical clustering and merging: Why are there so many pure-disk galaxies?
6.2.Supermassive black holes do not correlate with pseudobulges

7.ENVIRONMENTAL SECULAR EVOLUTION: THE STRUCTURE AND FORMATION OF S0 AND SPHEROIDAL GALAXIES
7.1.What is (and what is not) an elliptical galaxy?
7.2.The E - Sph dichotomy
7.3.Mixed reactions to the E - Sph dichotomy
7.4. Confirming the E-Sph dichotomy with large galaxy samples
7.5.Sph galaxies are bulgeless S0 galaxies
7.6.Spiral and irregular galaxies have the same structural correlations as S0 galaxy disks and Sph galaxies
7.7.A revised parallel-sequence classification of galaxies
7.8.Parallel-sequence classification and bimodality in the galaxy color-magnitude relation
7.9.S+Im → S0+Sph galaxy transformation processes
7.10.Environmental secular evolution - "An Idea Whose Time Has Come"

8.TOWARD A COMPREHENSIVE PICTURE OF GALAXY FORMATION
8.1.Formation of ellipticals by major galaxy mergers
8.2.Mergers and secular evolution both happen in a hierarchically clustering Universe

REFERENCES