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Article Contents

TITLE PAGE

1.INTRODUCTION

1.1.History

1.2.This Review

2.SECURE LENSES

2.1.Multiple Quasars

2.2.Arcs

2.3.Radio Rings

3.GRAVITATIONAL LENS OPTICS

3.1.Ray Reflections and the Lens Equation

3.2.Simple Lens Models

3.3.Caustics and Congruences

3.4.Time Delay

3.5.Microlensing

3.6.Observables and Model Fitting

4.COSMOGRAPHY

4.1.Hubble Constant

4.2.Deceleration Parameter

4.3.Alternative Cosmologies

5.DARK MATTER

5.1.Our Galaxy

5.2.External Galaxies

5.3.Clusters of Galaxies

5.4.Large-Scale Structure and Intergalactic Medium

6.QUASARS AND GALAXIES AT HIGH REDSHIFT

6.1.Quasar Emission Regions

6.2.Magnified Images of Galaxies and Radio Sources

6.3.Exploitation of Time Delays

6.4.Quasar Absorption Lines

6.5.Quasar Luminosity Function

6.6.Microwave Background

7.SEARCHES FOR GRAVITATIONAL LENSES

7.1.Radio Surveys

7.2.Optical Surveys

8.OUTLOOK

9.REFERENCES