To appear in the Proceedings of the XI Canary Islands
Winter School Of Astrophysics on "Galaxies at High Redshift", Tenerife
November 1999, I. Perez-Fournon, M. Balcells, F. Moreno-Insertis and
F. Sanchez Eds., Cambridge University Press;
astro-ph/0009121
High-Redshift Galaxies:
The Far-Infrared and Sub-Millimeter View
Alberto Franceschini
Dipartimento di Astronomia, University of Padova, I-35122 Padova, IT
Abstract. Observations at long wavelengths, in the wide interval
from a few to 1000 µm,
are essential to study diffuse media in galaxies, including all kinds of
atomic,
ionic and molecular gases and dust grains. Hence they are particularly
suited
to investigate the early phases in galaxy evolution, when a very rich ISM
is present in the forming systems.
During the last few years a variety of observational campaigns in the
far-IR/sub-mm,
exploiting both ground-based and space instrumentation,
have started to provide results of relevant cosmological impact.
Most crucial among these have been the
discovery of an intense diffuse background in the far-IR/sub-mm of
extragalactic
origin, and the deep explorations from space in the far-IR and with
large millimetric
telescopes on ground. These results challenge those obtained
from optical-UV observations, by revealing luminous to very luminous phases
in galaxy evolution at substantial redshifts, likely corresponding to
violent
events of star-formation in massive systems. This is bringing to significant
refinements of the present schemes of galaxy formation, as far as the
history of baryon transformations is concerned.
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION
- The history of baryon transformations
- Long-wavelength observations of galaxies: a view on
the diffuse media and on the "active" phases in galaxy evolution
- Observational issues
- These lectures
- DUST IN GALAXIES
- Generalities
- Dust grains in the ISM
- Grain production
- Grain destruction
- The evolution of the dust content in a galaxy
- Interactions between dust and radiation
- Alternative heating mechanisms for dust
- The interstellar extinction curve
- Models of the interstellar dust
- EVALUATING THE DUST EMISSION SPECTRA
- Radiative transfer in thick dusty media
- Numerical solutions based on iterative schemes
- Monte Carlo solutions
- GENERALIZED SPECTRO-PHOTOMETRIC MODELS OF GALAXIES
- Semi-empirical approaches
- Detailed self-consistent spectro-photometric
models
- Chemical evolution of the ISM
- Geometrical distributions of gas and stars
- Models of the molecular clouds (MC)
- Models of diffuse dust (cirrus)
- Modelling the SEDs of normal and starburst
galaxies
- INFRARED AND SUB-MM LINE SPECTRA
- The cold molecular gas
- The cold neutral gas
- The ionized component of the ISM
- IR STARBURST AND ULTRA-LUMINOUS GALAXIES IN THE LOCAL
UNIVERSE
- The infrared-radio correlation
- Estimates of the star formation rate (SFR)
- Gas reservoirs, depletion times, starburst
duration
- Starburst-driven super-winds
- Starburst models
- Statistical properties of active galaxy
populations
- Starburst triggering
- Ultra-luminous IR galaxies (ULIRGs)
- Origin of elliptical galaxies and galaxy spheroids
- IR GALAXIES IN THE DISTANT UNIVERSE: PRE-ISO/SCUBA
RESULTS
- THE BREAKTHROUGHS: DISCOVERY OF THE CIRB
- Observational status about the CIRB
- Constraints from observations of the cosmic
high-energy opacity
- Contribution of cosmic sources to the CIRB: the
formalism
- Source contribution to the background
intensity
- Small scale intensity fluctuations
- DEEP SKY SURVEYS WITH THE INFRARED SPACE OBSERVATORY
(ISO)
- Motivations for deep ISO surveys
- Overview of the main ISO surveys
- The ISOCAM Guaranteed Time (GT) Extragalactic
Surveys
- The European Large Area ISO Survey (ELAIS)
- The ISOCAM observations of the two Hubble Deep
Fields
- ISOCAM survey of two CFRS fields
- The ISOPHOT FIRBACK survey program
- The Lensing Cluster Surveys
- The Japanese Guaranteed Time surveys
- Data reduction
- Mid-IR and far-IR source counts from ISO surveys
- EXPLORATIONS OF THE DEEP UNIVERSE BY LARGE
MILLIMETRIC TELESCOPES
- INTERPRETATIONS OF FAINT IR/MM GALAXY COUNTS
- Predictions for non-evolving source populations
in the mid-IR
- Evidence for a strongly evolving population of
mid-IR galaxies
- A panchromatic view of IR galaxy evolution
- NATURE OF THE FAST EVOLVING SOURCE POPULATION
- Tests of the evolving IR population in the HDFs
and CFRS fields
- Optical and NIR spectral properties: nature
of the IR sources
- Evaluating baryonic masses and the SFR of the
IR population
- What are the FIRBACK 175 µm
sources?
- The nature of the high-z galaxies detected in the
millimeter
- AGN contribution to the energetics of the faint IR
sources
- Discussion
- GLOBAL PROPERTIES: THE SFR DENSITY AND CONTRIBUTIONS TO
THE CIRB
- Evolution of the comoving luminosity density
and SFR
- Energy constraints from background observations
- Constraints from the integrated optical
background
- Explaining the CIRB background
- Galactic winds and metal pollution of the
inter-cluster medium
- A two-phase star-formation: origin of
galactic disks and spheroids
- Contribution by gravitational accretion to the
global energetics
- CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
For a postscript version of the article, click
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