Back to the article index

Article Contents

ABSTRACT

1.INTRODUCTION

1.1.The history of baryon transformations

1.2.Long-wavelength observations of galaxies: a view on the diffuse media and on the "active" phases in galaxy evolution

1.3.Observational issues

1.4.These lectures

2.DUST IN GALAXIES

2.1.Generalities

2.2.Dust grains in the ISM

2.2.1Grain production

2.2.2Grain destruction

2.2.3.The evolution of the dust content in a galaxy

2.3.Interactions between dust and radiation

2.4.Alternative heating mechanisms for dust

2.5.The interstellar extinction curve

2.6.Models of the interstellar dust

3.EVALUATING THE DUST EMISSION SPECTRA

3.1.Radiative transfer in thick dusty media

3.1.1.Numerical solutions based on iterative schemes

3.1.2.Monte Carlo solutions

4.GENERALIZED SPECTRO-PHOTOMETRIC MODELS OF GALAXIES

4.1.Semi-empirical approaches

4.2.Detailed self-consistent spectro-photometric models

4.2.1.Chemical evolution of the ISM

4.2.2.Geometrical distributions of gas and stars

4.2.3.Models of the molecular clouds (MC)

4.2.4.Models of diffuse dust (cirrus)

4.2.5.Modelling the SEDs of normal and starburst galaxies

5.INFRARED AND SUB-MM LINE SPECTRA

5.1.The cold molecular gas

5.2.The cold neutral gas

5.3.The ionized component of the ISM

6.IR STARBURST AND ULTRA-LUMINOUS GALAXIES IN THE LOCAL UNIVERSE

6.1.The infrared-radio correlation

6.2.Estimates of the star formation rate (SFR)

6.3.Gas reservoirs, depletion times, starburst duration

6.4.Starburst-driven super-winds

6.5.Starburst models

6.6.Statistical properties of active galaxy populations

6.7.Starburst triggering

6.8.Ultra-luminous IR galaxies (ULIRGs)

6.9.Origin of elliptical galaxies and galaxy spheroids

7.IR GALAXIES IN THE DISTANT UNIVERSE: PRE-ISO/SCUBA RESULTS

8.THE BREAKTHROUGHS: DISCOVERY OF THE CIRB

8.1.Observational status about the CIRB

8.2.Constraints from observations of the cosmic high-energy opacity

8.3.Contribution of cosmic sources to the CIRB: the formalism

8.3.1.Source contribution to the background intensity

8.3.2.Small scale intensity fluctuations

9.DEEP SKY SURVEYS WITH THE INFRARED SPACE OBSERVATORY (ISO)

9.1.Motivations for deep ISO surveys

9.2.Overview of the main ISO surveys

9.2.1.The ISOCAM Guaranteed Time (GT) Extragalactic Surveys

9.2.2.The European Large Area ISO Survey (ELAIS)

9.2.3.The ISOCAM observations of the two Hubble Deep Fields

9.2.4.ISOCAM survey of two CFRS fields

9.2.5.The ISOPHOT FIRBACK survey program

9.2.6.The Lensing Cluster Surveys

9.2.7.The Japanese Guaranteed Time surveys

9.3.Data reduction

9.4.Mid-IR and far-IR source counts from ISO surveys

10.EXPLORATIONS OF THE DEEP UNIVERSE BY LARGE MILLIMETRIC TELESCOPES

11.INTERPRETATIONS OF FAINT IR/MM GALAXY COUNTS

11.1.Predictions for non-evolving source populations in the mid-IR

11.2.Evidence for a strongly evolving population of mid-IR galaxies

11.3.A panchromatic view of IR galaxy evolution

12.NATURE OF THE FAST EVOLVING SOURCE POPULATION

12.1.Tests of the evolving IR population in the HDFs and CFRS fields

12.1.1.Optical and NIR spectral properties: nature of the IR sources

12.1.2.Evaluating baryonic masses and the SFR of the IR population

12.2.What are the FIRBACK 175 µm sources?

12.3.The nature of the high-z galaxies detected in the millimeter

12.4.AGN contribution to the energetics of the faint IR sources

12.5.Discussion

13.GLOBAL PROPERTIES: THE SFR DENSITY AND CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE CIRB

13.1.Evolution of the comoving luminosity density and SFR

13.2.Energy constraints from background observations

13.2.1.Constraints from the integrated optical background

13.2.2.Explaining the CIRB background

13.2.3.Galactic winds and metal pollution of the inter-cluster medium

13.2.4.A two-phase star-formation: origin of galactic disks and spheroids

13.3.Contribution by gravitational accretion to the global energetics

14.CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES