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Article Contents

ABSTRACT

1.INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

1.1.Stars and Galaxies are Gathered from the Sky and not from Space

1.2.Distances and Hubble Law

1.3.Aim of the Present Review

2.SOME HISTORY FROM KAPTEYN TO SCOTT

2.1.Kapteyn's Problem I and Problem II

2.2.The Classical Malmquist Bias

2.3.The Scott Effect

3.TWO KINDS OF MALMQUIST BIAS

3.1.Biases of the First and Second Kind

3.2.Situations Where the First or General Malmquist Bias Appears

3.3.Situations Where the Second Malmquist Bias Is Important

4.ATTEMPTS TO OVERCOME THE SECOND KIND OF BIAS

4.1.The Bias-Free Redshift Range

4.2.The Method of Normalized Distances for Field Galaxies

4.3.Spaenhauer Diagrams and the Triple-Entry Correction by Sandage

4.4.The Cluster Incompleteness Bias

4.5.Normalization: Other Applications

5.THE INVERSE TULLY-FISHER RELATION AND THE SECOND KIND OF BIAS

5.1.The Ideal Case of the Inverse Relation

5.2.Problems in the Use of the Inverse Relation

6.THE BIAS OF THE FIRST KIND IN DIRECT AND INVERSE TF DISTANCE MODULI

7.MALMQUIST BIAS AND THE GREAT ATTRACTOR

8.SOME RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

8.1.Sosies Galaxies and Partial Incompleteness

8.2.About the Unbiased Plateau in the MND

8.3.Gould's Effect

8.4.Simulation Approach

9.CONCLUDING REMARKS

REFERENCES